Substantial health and economic burden of COVID-19 during the year after acute illness among US adults not at high risk of severe COVID-19

Table 5 Healthcare resource utilization during the baseline and post-acute phases^a in the overall population (N = 3792)

Visit or procedure	Baseline phase, n (%)	Post-acute phase, n (%)	Change from baseline to post-acute phase, Δ (% change)
Outpatient lab tests
Tests	2200	4750	2550 (115.9)
Patients	1253	1768	515 (41.1)
Mean ± SD	0.6 ± 1.1	1.3 ± 2.6	0.7
Median (Q1; Q3)	0 (0; 1)	0 (0; 2)	0
Outpatient visits (specialist or nonspecialist)
Visits	18,691	39,570	20,879 (111.7)
Patients	3026	3316	290 (9.6)
Mean ± SD	4.9 ± 6.7	10.4 ± 14.0	5.5
Median (Q1; Q3)	3 (1; 6)	6 (2; 13)	3
Emergency department visits
Visits	492	662	170 (34.6)
Patients	392	471	79 (20.2)
Mean ± SD	0.1 ± 0.4	0.2 ± 0.6	0.0
Median (Q1; Q3)	0 (0; 0)	0 (0; 0)	0
Prescription classes
Prescriptions	5713	7539	1826 (32.0)
Patients	2255	2541	286 (12.7)
Mean ± SD	1.5 ± 1.8	2.0 ± 2.2	0.5
Median (Q1; Q3)	1 (0; 2)	1 (0; 3)	0
Inpatient visits
Visits	22	138	116 (527.3)
Patients	21	94	73 (347.6)
Mean ± SD	0.0 ± 0.1	0.0 ± 0.3	0.0
Median (Q1; Q3)	0 (0; 0)	0 (0; 0)	0
Inpatient lab tests
Tests	1	32	31 (3100)
Patients	1	11	10 (1000.0)
Mean ± SD	0.0 ± 0.0	0.0 ± 0.2	0.0
Median (Q1; Q3)	0 (0; 0)	0 (0; 0)	0
Length of hospital stay
Days	86	1177	1091 (1268.6)
Patients	21	94	73 (347.6)
Mean ± SD	4.1 ± 3.8	12.5 ± 25.8	8.4 (205.8)
Median (Q1; Q3)	3 (2; 5)	4 (3; 8)	1
Length of ICU stay
Days	1	31	30 (3000.0)
Patients	1	17	16 (1600.0)
Mean ± SD	0.0 ± 0.2	0.3 ± 1.1	0.3 (592.6)
Median (Q1; Q3)	0 (0; 0)	0 (0; 0)	0
Invasive mechanical ventilation use, patient n (%)	0 (0.0)	5 (0.1)	5 (NC)
Noninvasive mechanical ventilation use, patient n (%)	0 (0.0)	4 (0.1)	4 (NC)
Supplemental oxygen use, patient n (%)	0 (0.0)	7 (0.2)	7 (NC)
Readmission within 30 days, patient n (%)	0 (0.0)	23 (0.6)	23 (NC)

ICU intensive care unit, NC not calculable, Q1 quartile 1, Q3 quartile 3
For visits, tests, prescriptions, and procedures, means or percentages were calculated using the total number of patients within the cohort as the denominator. For length of hospital stay and ICU stay, means were calculated as the total number of days divided by the number of patients with any inpatient hospital stay
^aThe baseline period was the 12 months before the index date, and the post-acute phase spanned from 1 to 13 months after the index date

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