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Table 6 Healthcare resource utilization during the baseline and post-acute phasesa stratified by disposition during acute COVID-19

From: Substantial health and economic burden of COVID-19 during the year after acute illness among US adults not at high risk of severe COVID-19

Visit or procedure

No hospitalization

(n = 3546)

Hospitalization without ICU admission

(n = 164)

ICU admission

(n = 82)

Baseline phase

Post-acute phase

Change from baseline to post-acute phase,

Δ (% change)

Baseline phase

Post-acute phase

Change from baseline to post-acute phase,

Δ (% change)

Baseline phase

Post-acute phase

Change from baseline to post-acute phase,

Δ (% change)

Outpatient lab tests

 Tests, n

2121

4518

2397 (113.0)

60

156

96 (160.0)

19

76

57 (300.0)

 Patients, n

1204

1662

458 (38.0)

37

71

34 (91.9)

12

35

23 (191.7)

 Mean ± SD

0.6 ± 1.1

1.3 ± 2.6

0.7

0.4 ± 0.9

1.0 ± 1.9

0.6

0.2 ± 0.7

0.9 ± 1.4

0.7

 Median (Q1; Q3)

0 (0; 1)

0 (0; 2)

0

0 (0; 0)

0 (0; 1)

0

0 (0; 0)

0 (0; 1)

0

Outpatient visits (specialist or nonspecialist)

 Visits, n

17,763

36,146

18,383 (103.5)

687

2172

1485 (216.2)

241

1252

1011 (419.5)

 Patients, n

2865

3106

241 (8.4)

113

145

32 (28.3)

48

65

17 (35.4)

 Mean ± SD

5.0 ± 6.7

10.2 ± 13.5

5.2

4.2 ± 6.5

13.2 ± 18.8

9.1

2.9 ± 7.9

15.3 ± 21.7

12.3

 Median (Q1; Q3)

3 (1; 7)

6 (2; 13)

3

2 (0; 5.5)

7 (2; 16)

5

1 (0; 3)

7 (2; 15)

6

Emergency department visits

 Visits, n

445

595

150 (33.7)

34

51

17 (50.0)

13

16

3 (23.1)

 Patients, n

356

428

72 (20.2)

27

34

7 (25.9)

9

9

0 (0.0)

 Mean ± SD

0.1 ± 0.4

0.2 ± 0.6

0.0

0.2 ± 0.5

0.3 ± 0.7

0.1

0.2 ± 0.5

0.2 ± 0.7

0.0

 Median (Q1; Q3)

0 (0; 0)

0 (0; 0)

0

0 (0; 0)

0 (0; 0)

0

0 (0; 0)

0 (0; 0)

0

Prescription classes

 Prescriptions, n

5374

6882

1508 (28.1)

235

397

162 (68.9)

104

260

156 (150.0)

 Patients, n

2128

2373

245 (11.5)

91

112

21 (23.1)

36

56

20 (55.6)

 Mean ± SD

1.5 ± 1.8

1.9 ± 2.2

0.4

1.4 ± 1.9

2.4 ± 2.8

1.0

1.3 ± 1.9

3.2 ± 3.6

1.9

 Median (Q1; Q3)

1 (0; 2)

1 (0; 3)

0

1 (0; 2)

1 (0; 4)

0

0 (0; 2)

3 (0; 5)

3

Inpatient visits

 Visits, n

19

76

57 (300.0)

3

22

19 (633.3)

0

40

40 (NC)

 Patients, n

18

63

45 (250.0)

3

16

13 (433.3)

0

15

15 (NC)

 Mean ± SD

0.0 ± 0.1

0.0 ± 0.2

0.0

0.0 ± 0.1

0.1 ± 0.5

0.1

0.0 ± 0.0

0.5 ± 1.5

0.5

 Median (Q1; Q3)

0 (0; 0)

0 (0; 0)

0

0 (0; 0)

0 (0; 0)

0

0 (0; 0)

0 (0; 0)

0

Inpatient lab tests

 Tests, n

1

10

9 (900.0)

0

9

9 (NC)

0

13

13 (NC)

 Patients, n

1

6

5 (500.0)

0

3

3 (NC)

0

2

2 (NC)

 Mean ± SD

0.0 ± 0.0

0.0 ± 0.1

0.0

0.0 ± 0.0

0.1 ± 0.4

0.1

0.0 ± 0.0

0.2 ± 1.2

0.2

 Median (Q1; Q3)

0 (0; 0)

0 (0; 0)

0

0 (0; 0)

0 (0; 0)

0

0 (0; 0)

0 (0; 0)

0

Length of hospital stay

 Days, n

77

388

311 (403.9)

9

162

153 (1700.0)

0

627

627 (NC)

 Patients, n

18

63

45 (250.0)

3

16

13 (433.3)

0

15

15 (NC)

 Mean ± SD

4.3 ± 4.0

6.2 ± 7.3

1.9 (44.0)

3.0 ± 2.0

10.1 ± 10.6

7.1 (237.5)

NC

41.8 ± 54.3

NC

 Median (Q1; Q3)

3 (2; 5)

4 (3; 5)

1

3 (1; 5)

5.5 (3.5; 14.0)

2.5

NC

7 (3; 79)

NC

Length of ICU stay

 Days, n

1

6

5 (500.0)

0

9

9 (NC)

0

16

16 (NC)

 Patients, n

1

6

5 (500.0)

0

4

4 (NC)

0

7

7 (NC)

 Mean ± SD

0.06 ± 0.24

0.10 ± 0.30

0.04 (71.4)

0.0 ± 0.0

0.6 ± 1.5

0.6 (NC)

NC

1.1 ± 2.1

NC

 Median (Q1; Q3)

0 (0; 0)

0 (0; 0)

0

0 (0; 0)

0 (0; 0.5)

0

NC

0 (0; 1)

NC

Patients with invasive mechanical ventilation use, n (%)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

1 (NC)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.6)

1 (NC)

0 (0.0)

3 (3.7)

3 (NC)

Patients with noninvasive mechanical ventilation use, n (%)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

1 (NC)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.6)

1 (NC)

0 (0.0)

2 (2.4)

2 (NC)

Patients with supplemental oxygen use, n (%)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

1 (NC)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.6)

1 (NC)

0 (0.0)

5 (6.1)

5 (NC)

Patients with readmission within 30 days, n (%)

0 (0.0)

7 (0.2)

7 (NC)

0 (0.0)

7 (4.3)

7 (NC)

0 (0.0)

9 (11.0)

9 (NC)

  1. ICU, intensive care unit; NC, not calculable; Q1, quartile 1; Q3, quartile 3
  2. For visits, tests, prescriptions and procedures, means were calculated as the total value divided by the total number of patients within the cohort
  3. For length of hospital stay and ICU stay, means were calculated as the total number of days divided by the number of patients in the cohort with any inpatient hospital stay
  4. aThe baseline period was the 12 months before the index date, and the post-acute phase spanned from 1 to 13 months after the index date
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BMC Medicine

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