Skip to main content

Table 8 Medical costs during the baseline and post-acute phasesa in the overall population (N = 3792)

From: Substantial health and economic burden of COVID-19 during the year after acute illness among US adults not at high risk of severe COVID-19

Cost description

Baseline phase

Post-acute phase

Change from baseline to post-acute phase,

Δ (% change)

Inpatient visits

 Total cost

337,095

3,531,778

3,194,684 (947.7)

 Standard costs, patient n

21

94

 

  Mean ± SD

16,052 ± 9903

37,572 ± 44,018

21,520 (134.1)

  Median (Q1; Q3)

14,335 (11,150; 20,114)

17,503 (11,376; 45,755)

3169 (22.1)

 Nonzero costs, patient n

21

91

70 (333.3)

  Mean ± SD

160,052 ± 9903

38,811 ± 44,199

22,759 (141.8)

  Median (Q1; Q3)

14,335 (11,150; 20,114)

17,633 (11,786; 53,778)

3298 (23.0)

Readmission

 Total cost

0

1,295,928

1,295,928 (NC)

 Standard costs, patient n

0

23

 

  Mean ± SD

NC

56,345 ± 51,072

56,345 (NC)

  Median (Q1; Q3)

NC

38,770 (14,209; 100,488)

38,770 (NC)

 Nonzero costs, patient n

0

22

22 (NC)

  Mean ± SD

NC

58,906 ± 50,740

58,906 (NC)

  Median (Q1; Q3)

NC

39,325 (16,802; 100,488)

39,325 (NC)

Outpatient visits

 Total cost

4,701,415

12,257,210

7,555,795 (160.7)

 Standard costs, patient n

3026

3316

 

  Mean ± SD

1554 ± 2609

3696 ± 10,454

2143 (137.9)

  Median (Q1; Q3)

664 (278; 1773)

1371 (511; 3369)

707 (106.6)

 Nonzero costs, patient n

3025

3315

290 (9.6)

  Mean ± SD

1554 ± 2609

3698 ± 10,455

2143 (137.9)

  Median (Q1; Q3)

664 (278; 1773)

1371 (511; 3372)

707 (106.5)

Emergency department visits

 Total cost

778,045

1,088,805

310,760 (39.9)

 Standard costs, patient n

392

471

 

  Mean ± SD

1985 ± 1487

2312 ± 2205

327 (16.5)

  Median (Q1; Q3)

1638 (1057; 2665)

1687 (1074; 2774)

48 (3.0)

 Nonzero costs, patient n

391

471

80 (20.5)

  Mean ± SD

1990 ± 1485

2312 ± 2205

322 (16.2)

  Median (Q1; Q3)

1643 (1061; 2668)

1687 (1074; 2774)

44 (2.7)

Prescription claims

 Total cost

1,227,016

1,620,145

393,129 (32.0)

 Standard costs, patient n

2327

2603

 

  Mean ± SD

527 ± 2081

622 ± 2212

95 (18.0)

  Median (Q1; Q3)

74 (21; 239)

86 (31; 304)

13 (17.6)

 Nonzero costs, patient n

2327

2603

276 (11.9)

  Mean ± SD

527 ± 2081

622 ± 2212

95 (18.0)

  Median (Q1; Q3)

74 (21; 239)

86 (31; 304)

13 (17.6)

All medical costs (outpatient, inpatient, and prescription claims)

 Total cost

6,265,526

17,409,133

11,143,608 (177.9)

 Standard costs, patient n

3215

3430

 

  Mean ± SD

1949 ± 3655

5076 ± 15,425

3127 (160.4)

  Median (Q1; Q3)

768 (286; 2068)

1536 (526; 3921)

767 (99.9)

 Nonzero costs, patient n

3214

3430

216 (6.7)

  Mean ± SD

1949 ± 3655

5076 ± 15,425

3126 (160.4)

  Median (Q1; Q3)

769 (286; 2068)

1536 (526; 3921)

767 (99.7)

  1. NC not calculable, Q1 quartile 1, Q3 quartile 3
  2. Standard cost patient n’s (used to calculate standard mean and median) reflect the number of patients who had any healthcare encounter for the specified outcome (e.g., all patients with ≥ 1 outpatient visit during the specified period). Nonzero cost patient n’s (used to calculate nonzero mean and median) reflect the number of patients who had any costs associated with the specified outcome (e.g., all patients with costs > 0 attributable to outpatient visits)
  3. aAll costs are in US dollars rounded to the nearest dollar. The baseline phase was the 12 months before the index date, and the post-acute phase spanned from 1 to 13 months after the index date