From: Risks of digestive diseases in long COVID: evidence from a population-based cohort study
Characteristics | COVID-19 group (n = 112,311) | Contemporary comparison (n = 359 671) | SMD |
---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD), years | 56.2 (8.1) | 56.2 (8.1) | 0.002 |
Sex, female, n (%) | 61,546 (54.8) | 198,538 (55.2) | 0.008 |
Ethnicity, White, n (%) | 106,134 (94.5) | 339,889 (94.5) | 0.001 |
Household income | Â | Â | 0.004 |
 <18,000, n (%) | 24,259 (21.6) | 78,049 (21.7) |  |
 18,000–30,999, n (%) | 28,527 (25.4) | 91,716 (25.5) |  |
 31,000–51,999, n (%) | 29,650 (26.4) | 94,953 (26.4) |  |
 52,000–100,000, n (%) | 23,473 (20.9) | 74,452 (20.7) |  |
 >100,000, n (%) | 6514 (5.8) | 20,501 (5.7) |  |
Deprivation index, mean (SD) | −1.3 (3.0) | −1.3 (3.1) | 0.002 |
BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 27.4 (4.7) | 27.4 (4.8) | 0.001 |
Alcohol consumption | Â | Â | 0.005 |
 Daily or almost daily, n (%) | 22,799 (20.3) | 72,654 (20.2) |  |
 Three or four times a week, n (%) | 26 281 (23.4) | 83,803 (23.3) |  |
 Once or twice a week, n (%) | 29,089 (25.9) | 93,514 (26.0) |  |
 One to three times a month, n (%) | 12,579 (11.2) | 40,283 (11.2) |  |
 Special occasions only or never, n (%) | 12,691 (11.3) | 41,002 (11.4) |  |
Never, n (%) | 8873 (7.9) | 28,414 (7.9) | Â |
Smoking status | Â | Â | 0.002 |
 Never smoker, n (%) | 62,557 (55.7) | 200,696 (55.8) |  |
 Previous smoker, n (%) | 38,523 (34.3) | 123,007 (34.2) |  |
 Current smoker, n (%) | 11,231 (10.0) | 35,967 (10.0) |  |
 Physical activity, mean (SD), MET minutes/week | 2644.0 (2701.5) | 2649.9 (2708.2) | 0.002 |
Comorbidities | |||
 Hypertension, n (%) | 40,544 (36.1) | 129,841 (36.1) | 0.001 |
 Diabetes, n (%) | 8536 (7.6) | 27,335 (7.6) | 0.001 |
 Renal failure, n (%) | 4717 (4.2) | 15,106 (4.2) | 0.001 |
 Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 4829 (4.3) | 15,466 (4.3) | 0.001 |
 Stroke, n (%) | 2920 (2.6) | 9351 (2.6) | 0.002 |
 COPD, n (%) | 4605 (4.1) | 14,747 (4.1) | 0.004 |
 Asthma, n (%) | 15,611 (13.9) | 49,635 (13.8) | 0.002 |
 Heart failure, n (%) | 2471 (2.2) | 7913 (2.2) | 0.002 |
 Dementia, n (%) | 786 (0.7) | 2518 (0.7) | 0.002 |
 Recent hospital admissions, mean (SD) | 0.9 (1.7) | 0.9 (1.8) | 0.009 |
 History of previous digestive diseases, n (%) | 36,838 (32.8) | 117,612 (32.7) | 0.003 |