First trans-diagnostic experiences with a novel micro-choice based concentrated group rehabilitation for patients with low back pain, long COVID, and type 2 diabetes: a pilot study

Table 2 Degree of work and social functioning (WSAS) and illness perceptions (BIPQ) at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up

	Pre	Post	Follow-up (FU)	Χ ²(df)	p	ES pre-post_†	ES pre-FU_†
WSAS
All patients	20.59 (0.56)_a		15.76 (0.56)_b	76.51 (1)	< .001	—	0.61
Type 2 diabetes	12.39 (1.30)_a		10.51 (1.12)_a	2.50 (1)	.11	—	0.27
Chronic low back pain	21.53(0.78)_a		17.48 (0.85)_b	26.92 (1)	< .001	—	0.45
Long COVID	24.38 (1.00)_a		16.72 (0.98)_b	70.13 (1)	< .001	—	1.04
BIPQ₁
All patients	22.30 (0.43)_a	16.32 (0.42)_b	14.88 (0.47)_c	256.57 (2)	< .001	1.02	1.35
Type 2 diabetes	18.51 (0.83)_a	12.57 (0.77)_b	12.34 (0.80)_b	61.39 (2)	< .001	0.98	1.00
Chronic low back pain	23.44 (0.67)_a	19.06 (0.66)_b	17.63 (1.06)_b	49.66 (2)	< .001	0.79	1.02
Long COVID	24.55 (0.72)_a	16.72 (0.73)_b	14.86 (0.70)_c	175.64 (2)	< .001	1.52	1.89
BIPQ₂
All patients	20.79 (0.38)_a	18.18 (0.37)_b	17.70 (0.42)_b	63.63 (2)	< .001	0.51	0.85
Type 2 diabetes	19.19 (0.73)_a	17.31 (0.68)_b	17.60 (0.71)_b	7.20 (2)	< .05	0.35	0.31
Chronic low back pain	23.21 (0.59)_a	21.74 (0.58)_b	20.67 (0.92)_b	10.01 (2)	< .01	0.29	.59
Long COVID	19.94 (0.64)_a	15.48 (0.64)_b	15.07 (0.63)_b	66.79 (2)	< .001	1.10	1.24

Estimated means and standard errors from mixed regressions are presented
WSAS The Work and Social Adjustment Scale, BIPQ Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, FU 3-month follow-up after intervention, ES effect size computed as \(\mathrm G\mathrm l\mathrm a\mathrm s\mathrm s'\mathrm s\;\mathrm\Delta=\frac{M_{pre}-M_{post}}{{SD}_{pre}}\). Different subscripts (^{a, b, c}) within a row indicate statistically significant differences between means
_BIPQ1Includes the BIPQ items “How much does your illness affect your life?”, “How much control do you feel you have over your illness?”, “ How concerned are you about your illness?”, and “How well do you feel you understand your illness?”
_BIPQ2Also includes the BIPQ items “How long do you think your illness will continue?”, “How much do you experience symptoms from your illness?”, “How much do you think your treatment can help your illness?”, and “How much does your illness affect you emotionally?”
^†Effect sizes are computed based on complete data

ISSN: 1741-7015