Table 1 Descriptive statistics of 53 included studies (51 independent samples)
Characteristics | Samples with characteristics, No. (%) |
|---|---|
Population demographics | |
Sample size, mean (SD) [range] | 17,853.00 (61,618.38) [40–379, 875] |
Mean age, mean (SD) [range] (9 samples “No report”) | 39.75 (16.23) [13.29–71.03] |
Age range (30 samples “No report”) | 10–99 |
Proportion (%) of respondents with particular demographic characteristics, mean (SD) [range] | |
Non-male | 65.00 (15.38) [42.06–100] |
Without tertiary education (21 samples “No report”) | 39.15 (34.27) [0–100] |
Non-married (30 samples “No report”) | 44.47 (17.95) [4.98–98.32] |
Non-employed (25 samples “No report”) | 37.87 (27.95) [0–93.26] |
ICD-defined physical comorbidity (42 samples “No report”) | 51.74 (22.79) [19.66–100] |
Country-level income | |
High | 43 (84.31%) |
Middle | 8 (15.69%) |
Coronavirus-2019 contextual and spatiotemporal features | |
Continent | |
Asia | 24 (47.06%) |
Europe | 20 (39.22%) |
Africa | 0 (0.00%) |
North America | 3 (5.88%) |
South America | 2 (3.92%) |
Oceania | 1 (1.96%) |
Multiple continents | 1 (1.96%) |
Number of months since COVID-19 outbreak, mean (SD) [range]a (4 samples “No report”) | 10.11 (6.85) [3–29] |
COVID-19 monthly incidence (per million), mean (SD) [range]a (6 samples “Data not retrievable”) | 3,670.40 (9,981.34) [0.984–58,642.574] |
High | 22 (41.51%) |
Low | 22 (41.51%) |
COVID-19 monthly death (per million), mean (SD) [range]a (6 samples “Data not retrievable”) | 56.51 (112.85) [0–571.470] |
High | 22 (41.51%) |
Low | 22 (41.51%) |
COVID-19 government response index, mean (SD) [range]b (6 samples “Data not retrievable”) | 64.112 (9.718) [36.980–81.770] |
High | 22 (41.51%) |
Low | 22 (41.51%) |
COVID-19 containment and health index, mean (SD) [range]b (6 samples “Data not retrievable”) | 62.798 (10.123) [36.907–84.520] |
High | 22 (41.51%) |
Low | 22 (41.51%) |
COVID-19 stringency index, mean (SD) [range]b (6 samples “Data not retrievable”) | 65.087 (15.590) [35.190–90.396] |
High | 22 (41.51%) |
Low | 22 (41.51%) |
COVID-19 economic support index, mean (SD) [range]b (6 samples “Data not retrievable”) | 73.305 (26.480) [8.333–100] |
High | 22 (41.51%) |
Low | 22 (41.51%) |
Psychiatric symptoms | |
Depressive symptoms | 34 (66.67%) |
Anxiety symptoms | 24 (47.06%) |
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms | 4 (7.84%) |
Depressive and anxiety symptoms | 4 (7.84%) |
General psychological distressC | 12 (23.53%) |
Daily routine disruptions | |
Categoryd | |
Primary routines | 19 (37.25%) |
Secondary routines | 25 (49.02%) |
Type | |
Physical activity | 12 (23.53%) |
Eating | 5 (9.80%) |
Sleep | 11 (21.57%) |
Social activities | 11 (21.57%) |
Leisure activities | 8 (15.69%) |
Work/Study | 9 (17.65%) |
Home activities | 7 (13.73%) |
Smoking | 2 (3.92%) |
Alcohol | 3 (5.88%) |
Combined multiple routines | 8 (15.69%) |
Unspecified generic routines | 16 (31.37%) |
Definition | |
Regularity | 24 (47.06%) |
Frequency change | 22 (43.14%) |
Capability change | 10 (19.61%) |
Internet-related or not | |
No | 51 (100.00%) |
Yes | 8 (15.69%) |
Assessment method | |
Validated scale | 17 (33.33%) |
Non-validated scale | 36 (70.59%) |
Study feature | |
Study quality, mean (SD) [range] (Based on 50 studies) | 14.75 (1.82) [9–18] |
Observational or experimental design | |
Observational | 51 (100.00%) |
Experimental | 0 (0.00%) |
Cross-sectional or prospective design | |
Cross-sectional | 48 (94.12%) |
Prospective | 4 (7.84%) |
Follow-up duration (weeks), mean (SD) [range] (1 sample “No report”) | 7 (3.74) [3–12] |