Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by T2D in the UK Biobank cohort

Participants (%)

432,892 (94.1)

27,342 (5.9)

Age (years), mean (SD)

56.23 (8.10)

59.28 (7.26)

<0.001

Gender (%)

<0.001

 Female

242,579 (56.0)

11,527 (42.2)

 Male

190,313 (44.0)

15,815 (57.8)

Race (%)

<0.001

 Non-white ethnicity

18,293 (4.2)

2,715 (9.9)

 White ethnicity

414,599 (95.8)

24,627 (90.1)

Smoking (%)

<0.001

 Never

241,736 (55.8)

12,257 (44.8)

 Previous

147,630 (34.1)

11,362 (41.6)

 Current

43,526 (10.1)

3,723 (13.6)

Drinking (%)

<0.001

 Never

16,415 (3.8)

1,978 (7.2)

 Previous

13,775 (3.2)

1,637 (6.0)

 Current

402,702 (93.0)

23,727 (86.8)

Employment (%)

<0.001

 In paid employment or self-employed

258,051 (59.6)

12,113 (44.3)

 Retired

139,782 (32.3)

11,705 (42.8)

 Others

35,059 (8.1)

3,524 (12.9)

BMI (%), kg/m²

<0.001

 <25

153,916 (35.6)

2,611 (9.5)

 25-29.9

186,911 (43.2)

9,724 (35.6)

 ≥30

92,065 (21.3)

15,007 (54.9)

 MET-min/week ≥600 (%)

278,904 (64.4)

14,673 (53.7)

<0.001

≥600

 Townsend deprivation index, mean (SD)

-1.46 (3.00)

-0.58 (3.37)

<0.001

 Birth weight, mean (SD), kg

3.33 (0.66)

3.24 (0.76)

<0.001

 Hypertension drug use (%)

23,609 (5.5)

2,058 (7.5)

<0.001

 Cholesterol-lowering drug use (%)

24,123 (5.6)

4,592 (16.8)

<0.001

 Family history of diabetes (%)

74,215 (17.1)

8,865 (32.4)

<0.001

 Maternal smoking around birth (%)

109,657 (25.3)

7,343 (26.9)

<0.001

 Breastfed as a baby (%)

241,387 (55.8)

14,925 (54.6)

<0.001