Fig. 1

Predicted incidence rate of composite outcome of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease associated with different systolic blood pressure levels in four ethnic populations. The grey dashed line indicates the ESH recommended the optimal systolic blood pressure threshold of 120 mm Hg, the high normal threshold of 130 mm Hg, and the grade 1 hypertension threshold of 140 mm Hg. Incidence rates were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, income, education, drinking status, smoking status, diabetes status, hypertension medication, cholesterol-lowering medication, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides, eGFR, Townsend deprivation index, and physical activities. Abbreviation: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; BMI, body mass index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ESH, European Society of Hypertension