Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants in UK biobank included in analyses by self-reported ethnicity^a

Age (IQR)

57.0 (50.0–63.0)

57.0 (50.0–63.0)

52.0 (45.0–59.0)

51.0 (46.0–57.0)

49.0 (44.0–56.0)

Male, n (%)

196,556 (44.2%)

189,260 (44.1%)

4325 (51.2%)

1446 (36.2%)

1525 (50.1%)

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

137.8 ± 18.6

137.9 ± 18.6

134.6 ± 18.4

136.6 ± 18.5

138.4 ± 18.5

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

82.4 ± 10.1

82.4 ± 10.1

82.8 ± 10.0

84.3 ± 10.6

85.1 ± 10.7

Body mass index (kg/m²), n (%)

18.5–24.9

149,622 (33.7%)

145,519 (33.9%)

2766 (32.7%)

845 (21.2%)

492 (16.2%)

  < 18.5

2345 (0.5%)

2284 (0.5%)

54 (0.6%)

5 (0.1%)

2 (0.1%)

 25.0–29.9

188,357 (42.4%)

181,679 (42.4%)

3776 (44.7%)

1649 (41.3%)

1253 (41.2%)

  ≥ 30

104,094 (23.4%)

99,447 (23.2%)

1858 (22.0%)

1492 (37.4%)

1297 (42.6%)

Household income, n(%)

  < 18,000

82,607 (18.6%)

78,381 (18.3%)

2231 (26.4%)

1068 (26.8%)

927 (30.5%)

 18,000–30,999

127,545 (28.7%)

122,398 (28.5%)

2699 (31.9%)

1386 (34.7%)

1062 (34.9%)

 31,000–51,999

127,815 (28.8%)

124,096 (28.9%)

1932 (22.9%)

1044 (26.2%)

743 (24.4%)

 52,000–100,000

84,853 (19.1%)

82,935 (19.3%)

1203 (14.2%)

448 (11.2%)

267 (8.8%)

  > 100,000

21,598 (4.9%)

21,119 (4.9%)

389 (4.6%)

45 (1.1%)

45 (1.5%)

Education, n (%)

 Less than high school

22,423 (5.0%)

21,521 (5.0%)

388 (4.6%)

241 (6.0%)

273 (9.0%)

 High school or equivalent

224,478 (50.5%)

218,013 (50.8%)

3577 (42.3%)

2014 (50.5%)

874 (28.7%)

 high school above

197,517 (44.4%)

189,395 (44.2%)

4489 (53.1%)

1736 (43.5%)

1897 (62.3%)

Townsend deprivation index, n (%)

 Quintile 1 (least deprived)

91,998 (20.7%)

90,972 (21.2%)

816 (9.7%)

140 (3.5%)

70 (2.3%)

 Quintile 2

90,574 (20.4%)

89,416 (20.8%)

834 (9.9%)

222 (5.6%)

102 (3.4%)

 Quintile 3

90,163 (20.3%)

88,335 (20.6%)

1239 (14.7%)

398 (10.0%)

191 (6.3%)

 Quintile 4

88,438 (19.9%)

84,505 (19.7%)

2457 (29.1%)

998 (25.0%)

478 (15.7%)

 Quintile 5 (most deprived)

83,245 (18.7%)

75,701 (17.6%)

3108 (36.8%)

2233 (56.0%)

2203 (72.4%)

LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.6 ± 0.8

3.6 ± 0.8

3.4 ± 0.8

3.3 ± 0.8

3.2 ± 0.8

HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.5 ± 0.4

1.5 ± 0.4

1.3 ± 0.3

1.5 ± 0.3

1.4 ± 0.3

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.7 ± 1.0

1.7 ± 1.0

1.9 ± 1.1

1.3 ± 0.7

1.3 ± 0.7

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²)

95.8 ± 11.5

95.8 ± 11.4

100.3 ± 11.6

90.8 ± 13.1

93.4 ± 13.5

HbA1c (%, IQR)

5.4 (5.1–5.6)

5.4 (5.1–5.6)

5.8 (5.3–5.9)

5.7 (5.3–5.9)

5.7 (5.3–5.9)

Diabetes, n (%)

18,031 (4.1%)

16,234 (3.8%)

1156 (13.7%)

370 (9.3%)

271 (8.9%)

Antihypertensive medication, n (%)

43,732 (9.8%)

41,605 (9.7%)

849 (10.0%)

684 (17.1%)

594 (19.5%)

Cholesterol-lowering medication, n (%)

56,038 (12.6%)

53,459 (12.5%)

1693 (20.0%)

490 (12.3%)

396 (13.0%)

Drinking status, n (%)

 Never drinker

17,750 (4.0%)

13,236 (3.1%)

3336 (39.5%)

344 (8.6%)

834 (27.4%)

 Former drinker

14,653 (3.3%)

13,831 (3.2%)

443 (5.2%)

156 (3.9%)

223 (7.3%)

 Current drinker

412,015 (92.7%)

401,862 (93.7%)

4675 (55.3%)

3491 (87.5%)

1987 (65.3%)

Smoking status, n (%)

 Never

248,263 (55.9%)

236,684 (55.2%)

6621 (78.3%)

2539 (63.6%)

2419 (79.5%)

 Current

46,044 (10.4%)

44,360 (10.3%)

813 (9.6%)

667 (16.7%)

204 (6.7%)

 Previous

150,111 (33.8%)

147,885 (34.5%)

1020 (12.1%)

785 (19.7%)

421 (13.8%)

Physical activities (METmin/week), median (IQR)

2086.0 (990.0–3477.2)

2095.0 (993.0–3492.0)

1794.0 (772.5–3077.3)

2055.0 (990.0–3344.0)

1794.5 (833.5–3111.5)