Table 1 PICOS criteria
From: Co-designing care for multimorbidity: a systematic review
PICOS criterion | Definition |
|---|---|
Population | The target population of the intervention is adults (≥ 18 years) with multimorbidity; defined as the existence of two or more chronic conditions. Studies on patients with comorbidities; defined as those with an index condition alongside other condition(s) were also eligible. Studies on older adults, where there was no explicit mention of multimorbidity, or comorbidity were excluded |
Intervention | Any co-designed intervention for those with multimorbidity. We defined co-design as “the participation and equal collaboration between service providers, users, careers or the broad community to develop products or services which support health and well-being”. To be considered co-design, studies should demonstrate: 1) Multiple, iterative stages of development such as needs assessment, ideation, prototyping, pilot testing (i.e. usability) and impact evaluation 2) Evidence of collaboration between patients (or patient advocates), family or caregivers and healthcare providers AND 3) Evidence that patient (or patient advocates), family or caregiver involvement is for the development of a product or service for the benefit of multimorbid patients AND 4) Evidence that patients (or patient advocates), family, caregivers or healthcare providers are involved in the development process at more than one stage of the co-design process, i.e. meaningful contribution. Co-design stages include needs assessment, ideation, prototyping, pilot testing (i.e. usability) and impact evaluation |
Comparison | For experimental studies (i.e. randomised controlled trials or prospective cohorts with a control group), the control group was considered to be those receiving a non-co-designed intervention or usual care |
Outcomes | Any articles which included clinical or patient-reported outcome measure measures were eligible. Papers with data on the experience of the co-design process, including facilitators of and barriers to co-design, were also eligible |
Study type | Any study design, including experimental or observational designs |