Table 1 Characteristics of study participants

Age, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Under 55

5949 (26.8%)

179 (23.4%)

210 (16.0%)

 55 ~ 65

8190 (36.9%)

294 (38.4%)

492 (37.4%)

 Over 65

8064 (36.3%)

292 (38.2%)

614 (46.7%)

Sex, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Male

9335 (42.0%)

265 (34.6%)

448 (34.0%)

Education, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Primary school and below

16,226 (73.1%)

575 (75.2%)

1040 (79.0%)

 Middle school and above

5977 (26.9%)

190 (24.8%)

276 (21.0%)

BMI, n (%)

0.86

 Underweight

859 (3.9%)

36 (4.7%)

48 (3.6%)

 Normal

14,005 (63.1%)

473 (61.8%)

832 (63.2%)

 Overweight

6630 (29.9%)

234 (30.6%)

395 (30.0%)

 Obesity

709 (3.2%)

22 (2.9%)

41 (3.1%)

Smoking status, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Never

17,471 (78.7%)

648 (84.7%)

1090 (82.8%)

 Current

3905 (17.6%)

93 (12.2%)

182 (13.8%)

 Former

827 (3.7%)

24 (3.1%)

44 (3.3%)

Alcohol drinking, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Never

18,129 (81.7%)

673 (88.0%)

1153 (87.6%)

 Current

3852 (17.3%)

86 (11.2%)

149 (11.3%)

 Former

222 (1.0%)

6 (0.8%)

14 (1.1%)

Tea drinking, n (%)

0.04

 Never

19,938 (89.8%)

701 (91.6%)

1213 (92.2%)

 Current

2162 (9.7%)

61 (8.0%)

98 (7.4%)

 Former

103 (0.5%)

3 (0.4%)

5 (0.4%)

Annual income, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Under $4000

8895 (40.1%)

311 (40.7%)

681 (51.7%)

 Over $4000

13,308 (59.9%)

454 (59.3%)

635 (48.3%)

Hypertension, n (%)

13,915 (62.7%)

566 (74.0%)

961 (73.0%)

 < 0.001

Diabetes, n (%)

3806 (17.1%)

145 (19.0%)

265 (20.1%)

0.01

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

7200 (32.4%)

377 (49.3%)

528 (40.1%)

 < 0.001

Cancer, n (%)

622 (2.8%)

33 (4.3%)

42 (3.2%)

0.04

Stroke, n (%)

810 (3.6%)

41 (5.4%)

52 (4.0%)

0.04

Vegetables, n (%)

 < 0.001

 ≥ 6 days/week

11,287 (50.8%)

378 (49.4%)

738 (56.1%)

 4 ~ 5 days/week

10,285 (46.3%)

363 (47.5%)

532 (40.4%)

 ≤ 3 days/week

631 (2.8%)

24 (3.1%)

46 (3.5%)

Fruit, n (%)

0.01

 ≥ 4 times/week

4977 (22.4%)

205 (26.8%)

335 (25.5%)

 2 ~ 3 times/week

14,808 (66.7%)

474 (61.0%)

853 (64.8%)

 ≤ 1 time/week

2418 (10.9%)

86 (11.2%)

128 (9.7%)

Seafood, n (%)

 < 0.001

 ≥ 4 times/week

5385 (24.3%)

163 (21.3%)

244 (18.5%)

 2 ~ 3 times/week

13,454 (60.6%)

467 (61.0%)

790 (60.0%)

 ≤ 1 time/week

3364 (15.2%)

135 (17.6%)

282 (21.4%)

Freshwater products, n (%)

 < 0.001

 ≥ 4 times/week

4788 (21.6%)

128 (16.7%)

158 (12.0%)

 2 ~ 3 times/week

13,425 (60.5%)

470 (61.4%)

800 (60.8%)

 ≤ 1 time/week

3990 (18.0%)

167 (21.8%)

358 (27.2%)

Marine products, n (%)

 < 0.001

 ≥ 4 times/week

7725 (34.8%)

229 (29.9%)

298 (22.6%)

 2 ~ 3 times/week

12,264 (55.2%)

443 (57.9%)

814 (61.9%)

 ≤ 1 time/week

2214 (10.0%)

93 (12.2%)

204 (15.5%)

Meat, n (%)

 < 0.001

 ≥ 4 times/week

7700 (34.7%)

229 (29.9%)

329 (25.0%)

 2 ~ 3 times/week

12,224 (55.1%)

447 (58.4%)

751 (57.1%)

 ≤ 1 time/week

2279 (10.3%)

89 (11.6%)

236 (17.9%)

Red meat, n (%)

 < 0.001

 ≥ 4 times/week

6924 (31.2%)

207 (27.1%)

303 (23.0%)

 2 ~ 3 times/week

12,264 (55.2%)

433 (56.6%)

733 (55.7%)

 ≤ 1 time/week

3015 (13.6%)

125 (16.3%)

280 (21.3%)

White meat, n (%)

 < 0.001

 ≥ 4 times/week

3129 (14.1%)

93 (12.2%)

146 (11.1%)

 2 ~ 3 times/week

15,085 (67.9%)

512 (66.9%)

821 (62.4%)

 ≤ 1 time/week

3989 (18.0%)

160 (20.9%)

349 (26.5%)