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Table 3 Risk of PVE during different healthcare exposure time window periods prior to PVEa

From: Healthcare exposures and associated risk of endocarditis after open-heart cardiac valve surgery

Type of exposures

Case: 1-30 days before PVE

Case: 1-90 days before PVE

Case: 1-180 days before PVE

Case: 90-180 days before PVE

Odds ratio

p-value

Odds ratio

p-value

Odds ratio

p-value

Odds ratio

p-value

Coronary angiogram

4.4 (1.9-10.3)

 < 0.0001

3.9 (1.8-8.1)

 < 0.0001

2.9 (1.4-6)

 < 0.0001

1 (0.3-3.1)

1

Red cell transfusions

4.3 (2.3-8.1)

 < 0.0001

2.6 (1.5-4.6)

 < 0.0001

2.5 (1.4-4.5)

 < 0.0001

1.2 (0.6-2.5)

0.3948

Central venous catheter

1.9 (0.3-12.6)

0.2965

3.9 (1.1-14.5)

0.002

3.6 (0.9-14.3)

0.0059

1.9 (0.3-12.3)

0.3196

Gastroscopy

1.9 (0.8-4.7)

0.0322

1.9 (1-3.6)

0.005

1.6 (0.9-2.8)

0.0262

1.2 (0.5–2.5)

0.5845

Skin biopsy

8 (0.5-116.6)

0.0227

6 (0.4-87.5)

0.0497

3 (0.2-43.7)

0.2288

0 (NA)

0.9905

Pacing wire insertion

1.2 (0.2-7.5)

0.7201

2.1 (0.7-6.2)

0.0568

2.9 (1-8.3)

0.0032

2.2 (0.6-7.7)

0.0637

Colonoscopy

0.8 (0.2-2.6)

0.5053

1.5 (0.8-2.9)

0.0581

1.3 (0.7-2.3)

0.1826

1.2 (0.6-2.4)

0.5708

Hemodialysis

4.3 (0.8-24.9)

0.0142

2.8 (0.5-17.5)

0.0948

6.9 (0.7-71.2)

0.0151

4.2 (0.5-37)

0.0497

Open-heart cardiac valve surgeryb

1.8 (0.2-17.2)

0.4196

2 (0.4-10)

0.2057

0.8 (0.2-3.6)

0.6181

0 (NA)

0.9898

Percutaneous coronary intervention

2.7 (0.3-28.2)

0.2066

2.1 (0.3-13.3)

0.248

1.5 (0.2-9)

0.5248

0.5 (0-11.2)

0.5134

Cystoscopy

1 (0.2-4.8)

0.9669

0.8 (0.3-2.5)

0.5581

1.2 (0.5-3.1)

0.5813

1.5 (0.5-4.1)

0.2657

Chemotherapy

0 (NA)

0.9902

0 (NA)

0.9905

2 (0-127)

0.624

4 (0.1-254)

0.327

Coronary artery bypass graft

0 (NA)

0.9908

0 (NA)

0.9924

0 (NA)

0.9939

0 (NA)

0.9924

Bronchoscopy

0 (NA)

0.9915

1 (0–26.6)

1

0.5 (0–13.3)

0.5353

0 (NA)

0.9913

Any healthcare exposure

2.7 (2-3.6)

 < 0.0001

2.7 (2.1-3.7)

 < 0.0001

2.6 (1.9-3.6)

 < 0.0001

1.5 (1.1-2.1)

 < 0.0001

  1. NA not applicable, PVE post cardiac valve surgery endocarditis
  2. aBased on case crossover design. Cases were compared to a control period of the preceding one year (Fig. 2). Conditional logistic regression method was used. Bonferroni corrected critical p-value for multiple comparisons was 0.0036, and 95% confidence interval was Bonferroni adjusted
  3. bRefers to repeat open-heart cardiac valve surgery after the index surgery
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