Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to according to the lowest, middle and highest categories of dairy consumption among women aged ≥ 60y in the Nurses’ Health Study
From: Specific dairy foods and risk of frailty in older women: a prospective cohort study
| Â | Milk | Yogurt | Cheese | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 < 1/wk | 2 to 4 /wk |  ≥ 2/d | Never | 1/wk |  ≥ 5/wk |  < 1/wk | 2 to 4 /wk |  ≥ 1/d | |
Participants, n | 11,584 | 24,304 | 8007 | 24,495 | 15,387 | 1253 | 4922 | 43,517 | 10,223 |
Mean age, y | 62.5 (2.3) | 62.4 (2.2) | 63.1 (2.5) | 63.0 (2.5) | 62.3 (2.1) | 62.6 (2.3) | 62.8 (2.4) | 62.5 (2.2) | 62.9 (2.5) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.2 (4.8) | 25.7 (4.7) | 25.7 (4.8) | 25.6 (4.8) | 25.7 (4.6) | 24.8 (4.5) | 25.1 (4.6) | 25.6 (4.7) | 26.1 (5.0) |
Discretionary physical activity, METs-h/wk | 17.7 (23.4) | 18.4 (22.9) | 20.4 (23.7) | 16.7 (21.5) | 20.1 (22.7) | 26.8 (30.3) | 16.8 (23.8) | 18.5 (22.3) | 21.1 (24.9) |
Current smoker, % | 17 | 12 | 12 | 20 | 8 | 7 | 15 | 12 | 12 |
Education graduate school, % | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
Census tract income above 100,000/y, % | 22 | 23 | 21 | 18 | 26 | 25 | 21 | 23 | 22 |
Medication usea | |||||||||
 Aspirin, % | 41 | 46 | 46 | 43 | 47 | 44 | 40 | 46 | 46 |
 Postmenopausal hormone therapy, % | 37 | 38 | 37 | 34 | 39 | 39 | 35 | 38 | 38 |
 Diuretics, % | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 11 |
 β-Blockers, % | 12 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 14 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 12 |
 Calcium channel blockers, % | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 10 |
 ACE inhibitors, % | 9 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 |
 Other blood pressure medication, % | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
 Lipid lowering medication, %, % | 13 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 17 | 11 | 18 | 17 | 12 |
 Insulin, % | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
 Oral hypoglycemic drugs, % | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Dietary intake | |||||||||
 Milk, servings/d | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.48 (0.12) | 2.50 (0.54) | 0.77 (0.77) | 0.91 (0.71) | 1.02 (0.84) | 0.73 (0.78) | 0.85 (0.72) | 0.89 (0.76) |
 Low-fat milk, servings/d | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.39 (0.18) | 2.15 (0.76) | 0.59 (0.71) | 0.80 (0.68) | 0.89 (0.79) | 0.59 (0.71) | 0.72 (0.68) | 0.76 (0.72) |
 Whole milk, servings/d | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.09 (0.15) | 0.35 (0.68) | 0.18 (0.39) | 0.11 (0.25) | 0.13 (0.36) | 0.14 (0.34) | 0.13 (0.30) | 0.14 (0.31) |
 Yogurt, servings/d | 0.09 (0.17) | 0.12 (0.17) | 0.14 (0.21) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.20 (0.04) | 0.96 (0.34) | 0.07 (0.16) | 0.12 (0.17) | 0.16 (0.22) |
 Plain yogurt, servings/d | 0.07 (0.20) | 0.09 (0.22) | 0.11 (0.26) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.15 (0.21) | 0.60 (0.76) | 0.06 (0.20) | 0.10 (0.21) | 0.13 (0.26) |
 Sweetened yogurt, servings/d | 0.04 (0.14) | 0.06 (0.14) | 0.06 (0.16) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.09 (0.16) | 0.31 (0.54) | 0.04 (0.16) | 0.06 (0.15) | 0.07 (0.17) |
 Cheese, servings/d | 0.55 (0.45) | 0.58 (0.38) | 0.61 (0.42) | 0.54 (0.43) | 0.63 (0.38) | 0.75 (0.51) | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.48 (0.12) | 1.37 (0.47) |
 Low-fat cheese, servings/d | 0.13 (0.18) | 0.16 (0.18) | 0.20 (0.23) | 0.13 (0.19) | 0.20 (0.18) | 0.30 (0.32) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.14 (0.11) | 0.38 (0.35) |
 High-fat cheese, servings/d | 0.43 (0.39) | 0.42 (0.32) | 0.41 (0.33) | 0.41 (0.36) | 0.42 (0.31) | 0.44 (0.37) | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.35 (0.13) | 0.99 (0.50) |
 Energy intake, kcal/d | 1520 (424) | 1651 (407) | 1978 (413) | 1655 (445) | 1756 (419) | 1958 (457) | 1445 (416) | 1682 (398) | 1983 (439) |
 Alcohol intake, g/d | 7.9 (11.4) | 6.2 (8.9) | 4.5 (7.8) | 6.7 (10.6) | 5.5 (7.7) | 5.3 (7.4) | 4.2 (8.4) | 5.9 (8.8) | 7.6 (10.21) |
 AHEI score | 51.8 (10.0) | 52.6 (9.5) | 50.9 (9.4) | 48.8 (9.4) | 54.4 (9.0) | 58.1 (9.4) | 51.5 (10.4) | 52.2 (9.4) | 52.6 (9.5) |
Number of frailty criteria, % | |||||||||
 0 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 70 | 77 | 70 | 71 | 71 |
 1 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 23 | 18 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
 2 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 6 |