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Table 2 Relative risks (95% confidence interval) of frailty according to categories of dairy consumption among 85,280 women aged ≥ 60y in the Nurses’ Health Study

From: Specific dairy foods and risk of frailty in older women: a prospective cohort study

Milk

Dairy categories

P value

Per serving/d increment

 < 1/wk

1/wk

2 to 4 /wk

5 to 6 /wk

1/d

 ≥ 2/d

  

Participants, n

11,584

8403

24,302

12,555

20,429

8007

  

Person-yr

166,882

141,165

419,068

208,781

328,540

108,879

  

Frailty cases, n

1734

1592

5029

2464

3935

1158

  

Age-adjusted

1.00

1.00 (0.93, 1.07)

1.03 (0.98, 1.09)

1.01 (0.95, 1.08)

1.06 (1.00, 1.12)

1.04 (0.96, 1.12)

0.08

1.02 (1.00, 1.05)

Multivariable modela

1.00

0.96 (0.89, 1.02)

0.97 (0.92, 1.02)

0.94 (0.88, 1.00)

0.97 (0.91, 1.02)

0.98 (0.91, 1.06)

0.90

1.00 (0.98, 1.03)

Multivariable modelb

1.00

0.97 (0.90, 1.03)

0.99 (0.93, 1.04)

0.96 (0.90, 1.02)

0.99 (0.94, 1.05)

1.01 (0.93, 1.09)

0.46

1.01 (0.99, 1.04)

Yogurt

Never

 < 1/wk

1/wk

2 to 4 /wk

 ≥ 5/wk

   

 Participants, n

24,495

33,1159

15,387

10,986

1253

   

 Person-yr

307,484

581,896

273,943

192,121

17,870

   

 Frailty cases, n

3168

7404

3148

2023

169

   

 Age-adjusted

1.00

0.96 (0.92, 1.01)

0.88 (0.84, 0.92)

0.83 (0.78, 0.87)

0.84 (0.72, 0.98)

 

 < 0.001

0.67 (0.61, 0.74)

 Multivariable modela

1.00

0.95 (0.91, 0.99)

0.89 (0.85, 0.94)

0.89 (0.84, 0.94)

0.97 (0.83, 1.14)

 

 < 0.001

0.83 (0.75, 0.92)

 Multivariable modelb

1.00

1.00 (0.95, 1.04)

0.98 (0.93, 1.03)

1.01 (0.95, 1.07)

1.14 (0.97, 1.33)

 

0.33

1.06 (0.95, 1.18)

Cheese

 < 1/wk

1/wk

2 to 4 /wk

5 to 6 /wk

 ≥ 1/d

   

 Participants, n

4922

11,799

43,517

14,819

10,223

   

 Person-yr

76,670

200,193

731,455

226,683

138,313

   

 Frailty cases, n

794

2285

8654

2617

1562

   

 Age-adjusted

1.00

1.08 (0.99, 1.17)

1.14 (1.06, 1.22)

1.17 (1.08, 1.26)

1.24 (1.13, 1.35)

 

 < 0.001

1.13 (1.08, 1.18)

 Multivariable modela

1.00

1.04 (0.96, 1.13)

1.07 (0.99, 1.15)

1.08 (0.99, 1.17)

1.14 (1.04, 1.25)

 

0.003

1.08 (1.03, 1.13)

 Multivariable modelb

1.00

1.04 (0.96, 1.13)

1.08 (1.00, 1.17)

1.11 (1.02, 1.21)

1.17 (1.07, 1.28)

 

 < 0.001

1.10 (1.05, 1.16)

  1. aCox regression model adjusted for: age (months), calendar time (4-y intervals), census tract income (< $45,000, $45,000–$59,999, $60,000–$74,999, $75,000–$99,999, or ≥ $100,000/y), education (registered nursing degrees, bachelor’s degree, masters or doctorate degree), baseline body mass index (< 25.0, 25.0–29.9, ≥ 30.0 kg/m2), smoking status (never, past, and current 1–14, 15–24, and ≥ 25 cigarettes/day), alcohol intake (0, 1.0–4.9, 5.0–14.9, or ≥ 15.0 g/d), energy intake (quintiles of kcal/d) and medication use (aspirin, postmenopausal hormone therapy, diuretics, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, other blood pressure medication, lipid lowering medication, insulin, and oral hypoglycemic medication)
  2. bAdjustment as in the previous model and additionally adjusted for adherence to the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (quartiles). Milk, yogurt, and cheese were mutually adjusted for each other (all in categories)
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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