Fig. 2

Forest plot of overall adjusted and unadjusted estimates of meta-analyses from systematic reviews that investigated the association between pregnancy complications and risk of future T2DM and hypertension. § Estimate from studies that adjusted for potential confounders. First vertical line is the reference point (zero) for the mean difference estimates. The second vertical line is the reference line (one) for the relative risk, odds ratio and hazard ratio estimates. Hazard ratios should be interpreted as an increase in the rate of the outcome while odds ratios should be interpreted as increase in the odds of the outcome and relative risk as an increase in the risk of the outcome in exposed compared to controls. For the association between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and hypertension, there were three reviews with non-overlapping associations and the estimates for each review are presented [14, 112, 113]. Similarly, five estimates from five reviews with non-overlapping associations between preeclampsia and hypertension are provided [16, 17, 112, 116, 117]. ^aHDP included gestational hypertension and preeclampsia, including HELLP (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, lowered platelets) syndrome and eclampsia, and excluded pre-existing chronic hypertension. ^bHDP included gestational hypertension and preeclampsia and excluded pre-existing chronic hypertension. Common adjustment factors across the studies were maternal age, body mass index, socioeconomic status, smoking status, pre-pregnancy and current BMI, parity, ethnicity and time of delivery Abbreviations: GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, NA not applicable, 95% PI 95% prediction interval, Egger’s p Egger test p value