Table 1 Demographic and clinical profile of study participants

Age (mean ± s.d., years)

64.6 ± 15.3

66.6 ± 15.7

Biological sex

 Male (n, %)

33 (61.1)

7 (54%)

 Female (n, %)

21 (38.9)

6 (46%)

BMI (mean ± s.d., kg/m²)

34.9 ± 13.0

36.8 ± 17.2

Race

 White (n, %)

53 (98.1)

12 (92%)

 American Indian/Alaskan Native (n, %)

1 (1.9)

1 (8%)

Comorbidities

 Coronary artery disease (n)

11

3

 Peripheral vascular/arterial disease (n)

5

1

 Atrial fibrillation (n)

14

4

 Heart failure (n)

24

5

 Deep venous thrombosis (n)

5

2

 Diabetes (n)

26

9

 Hypothyroidism (n)

6

3

 Chronic kidney disease (n)

14

3

 Hypertension (n)

22

7

 Reflux (n)

5

2

 Asthma (n)

2

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n)

14

1

 Interstitial lung disease (n)

5

1

 Obstructive sleep apnea (n)

12

3

 Cirrhosis (n)

6

1

 Crohn's disease (n)

1

 Chronic pancreatitis (n)

1

 History of any cancer (n)

9

 Arthritis (n)

1

 Parkinson’s disease (n)

1

1

 Epilepsy (n)

2

2

 Cognitive impairment (n)

3

1

 History of stroke (n)

4

2

 Pressure ulcer/osteomyelitis (n)

4

1

 Neurogenic bladder (n)

2

 Active smoking (n)

12

3

 Alcohol abuse (n)

7

1

 Active drug use (n)

5

Surgical history

 Splenectomy (n)

1

 Polypectomy (n)

2

1

 Variceal banding/clipping (n)

3

 Bariatric surgery (n)

1

 Cholecystectomy (n)

1

 Cystoscopy with stenting (n)

3

 Arthroplasty (n)

3

1

 Subtotal colectomy/colostomy/ileostomy (n)

4

 Lumbar spine fusion (n)

2

1

 Toe or below the knee amputation (n)

4

2

 Ureteral stenting (n)

1

 Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator/pacemaker (n)

6

1

 Coronary artery bypass/cardiac catherization (n)

8

2

 Carotid endarterectomy (n)

2

1

 Cataract surgery (n)

5

 Apache^a score (mean ± s.d.)

39.8 ± 22.0

52.1 ± 24.9

 MICU_LOS^b (median days, Q1, Q3)

6 (3, 10)

17.5 (10.5, 22.5)

 Hospital_LOS^c (median days, Q1, Q3)

11 (6, 23)

23 (20, 46)

Reason for ICU admission

 Pneumonia, non-COVID (n)

17

6

 COVID pneumonia (n)

4

4

 Hypercapnic respiratory failure (n)

6

1

 Hypoxemic respiratory failure, non-infectious (n)

12

2

 Shock (septic, hemorrhagic) (n)

22

4

 Urinary tract infection, complicated (n)

3

 Diabetes complications (n)

4

2

 Atrial fibrillation with rapid response (n)

2

 Altered mental status/encephalopathy (n)

4

 Electrolyte derangements (n)

5

1

 Substance overdose/withdrawal (n)

4

 Acute kidney injury (n)

14

 Cardiac arrest/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (n)

4

1

 Heart failure exacerbation (n)

6

1

 Hypertensive emergency (n)

2

 Pancreatitis (n)

2

1

 Cellulitis (n)

3

2

ICU treatments

 Inotropes (n)

38

12

 Mechanical ventilation (n)

33

13

 Sedation (n)

31

12

 Tube feedings (n)

26

12

 Paralytics (n)

2

0

Antibiotics use

 Any antibiotic given^d (n, %)

47 (87)

13 (100%)

 Anaerobic antibiotic given^e (n, %)

42 (78)

12 (92%)

 None (n, %)

7 (87)

0