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Table 3 Risk of dementia according to each component of metabolic syndrome

From: Investigating the nexus of metabolic syndrome, serum uric acid, and dementia risk: a prospective cohort study

Variable

All-cause dementia

Alzheimer’s disease

Vascular dementia

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Central obesity

 No

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

 Yes

1.15 (1.10–1.21)*

1.03 (0.98–1.08)

1.00 (0.96–1.06)

1.00 (0.92–1.07)

0.91 (0.85–0.99)

0.90 (0.83–0.98)

1.44 (1.30–1.60)*

1.25 (1.13–1.39)*

1.18 (1.06–1.31)*

Dyslipidemia for HDL cholesterol

 No

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

 Yes

1.29 (1.22–1.37)*

1.11 (1.04–1.18)*

1.07 (1.01–1.14)*

1.19  (1.08–1.30)*

1.04  (0.95–1.15)

1.02  (0.93–1.13)

1.62  (1.43–1.82)*

1.33  (1.17–1.51)*

1.24  (1.09–1.41)*

Hypertension

 No

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

 Yes

1.13 (1.05–1.21)*

1.12 (1.04–1.2)*

1.09 (1.02–1.17)*

1.16  (1.04–1.29)*

1.16  (1.03–1.29)*

1.15  (1.03–1.28)*

1.44  (1.22–1.70)*

1.42  (1.20–1.68)*

1.33  (1.12–1.58)*

Hyperglycemia

 No

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

 Yes

1.59 (1.50–1.68)*

1.48 (1.40–1.57)*

1.4 (1.35–1.51)*

1.38  (1.26–1.50)*

1.30  (1.19–1.42)*

1.27  (1.16–1.39)*

2.26  (2.02–2.52)*

2.03  (1.81–2.27)*

1.85  (1.65–2.07)*

Dyslipidemia for triglycerides

 No

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

 Yes

1.20 (1.14–1.27)*

1.12 (1.06–1.18)*

1.05 (1.00–1.11)*

1.16  (1.07–1.26)*

1.09  (1.01–1.19)*

1.06  (0.97–1.15)

1.65  (1.47–1.86)*

1.51  (1.34–1.70)*

1.33  (1.17–1.50)*

Number of MetS components

 0

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

1.00  (Ref)

 1

1.19 (1.06–1.34)*

1.19 (1.06–1.34)*

1.19 (1.06–1.34)*

1.23  (1.02–1.46)*

1.23  (1.02–1.47)*

1.23  (1.03–1.47)*

1.50  (1.10–2.04)*

1.49  (1.09–2.04)*

1.48  (1.08–2.02)*

 2

1.23 (1.09–1.38)*

1.19 (1.06–1.34)*

1.16 (1.03–1.30)*

1.19  (1.00–1.42)*

1.17  (0.98–1.41)

1.16  (0.97–1.39)

1.73  (1.27–2.34)*

1.66  (1.22–2.26)*

1.55  (1.14–2.11)*

 3

1.40 (1.25–1.58)*

1.27 (1.13–1.43)*

1.20 (1.07–1.36)*

1.36  (1.13–1.62)*

1.26  (1.05–1.51)*

1.22  (1.01–1.47)*

2.22  (1.63–3.01)*

1.96  (1.43–2.67)*

1.73  (1.27–2.37)*

 4

1.66 (1.46–1.88)*

1.42 (1.25–1.61)*

1.32 (1.16–1.50)*

1.43  (1.18–1.74)*

1.27  1.04–1.55)*

1.22  (1.00–1.49)*

3.02  (2.20–4.13)*

2.52  (1.83–3.46)*

2.14  (1.55–2.96)*

 5

2.49 (2.15–2.88)*

1.95 (1.68–2.26)*

1.76 (1.51–2.04)*

1.97  (1.56–2.48)*

1.63  (1.28–2.06)*

1.53  (1.20–1.94)*

6.28  (4.51–8.74)*

4.67  (3.33–6.56)*

3.72  (2.64–5.24)*

 

p trend <0.001

p trend <0.001

p trend <0.001

p trend <0.001

p trend =0.002

p trend =0.029

p trend <0.001

p trend <0.001

p trend <0.001

  1. Model 1, stratified by age, gender, and UK Biobank assessment center
  2. Model 2, additionally adjusted for race (white or other), index of multiple deprivation (a measure of socioeconomic status), smoking status (never smoked, previous smoker, current smoker), alcohol consumption (never or special occasions only, one to three times a month, one to four times a week, daily or almost daily), physical activity (high, low, moderate or unknown/missing), portions of fruit and vegetable intake (< 5 portions per day, ≥ 5 portions per day, or unknown/missing)
  3. Model 3, fully adjusted model additionally adjusted for regular medications [multivitamin use (yes or no), mineral supplement (yes or no), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (yes or no), aspirin (yes or no)], and history of Alzheimer’s disease/dementia (yes or no)
  4. *P-value < 0.05
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