Investigating the nexus of metabolic syndrome, serum uric acid, and dementia risk: a prospective cohort study

Table 4 Risk of dementia with the joint effect of serum uric acid and metabolic syndrome

	All-cause dementia			Alzheimer’s disease			Vascular dementia
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Uric acid ≤ 400
Non-MetS	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
MetS	1.22 (1.15–1.29)*	1.07 (1.01–1.14)*	1.03 (0.97–1.10)	1.09 (1.00–1.20)	0.99 (0.90–1.08)	0.96 (0.88–1.06)	1.57 (1.39–1.77)*	1.34 (1.18–1.52)*	1.23 (1.08–1.40)*
Uric acid > 400
Non-MetS	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
MetsS	1.35 (1.21–1.49)*	1.23 (1.11–1.37)*	1.17 (1.05–1.30)*	1.16 (0.98–1.37)	1.09 (0.92–1.30)	1.07 (0.89–1.27)	1.77 (1.45–2.16)*	1.56 (1.27–1.92)*	1.39 (1.13–1.71)*
Joint effect of MetS and uric acid
Non-MetS SUA ≤ 400	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Non-MetS SUA > 400	0.96 (0.89–1.04)	0.95 (0.87–1.03)	0.95 (0.87–1.02)	0.94 (0.83–1.06)	0.94 (0.83–1.06)	0.94 (0.83–1.06)	1.11 (0.94–1.31)	1.09 (0.92–1.28)	1.08 (0.91–1.27)
MetS SUA ≤ 400	1.22 (1.15–1.29)*	1.07 (1.01–1.14)*	1.03 (0.97–1.10)	1.09 (1.00–1.20)*	0.99 (0.90–1.08)	0.96 (0.88–1.06)	1.57 (1.39–1.77)*	1.34 (1.18–1.52)*	1.23 (1.08–1.40)*
MetS SUA > 400	1.29 (1.19–1.41)*	1.17 (1.07–1.27)*	1.11 (1.02–1.21)*	1.10 (0.96–1.26)	1.02 (0.88–1.17)	0.98 (0.85–1.13)	1.94 (1.66–2.28)*	1.69 (1.44–1.99)*	1.50 (1.28–1.77)*

^*P-value < 0.05
Model 1, stratified by age, gender, and UK Biobank assessment center
Model 2, additionally adjusted for race (white or other), index of multiple deprivation (a measure of socioeconomic status), smoking status (never smoked, previous smoker, current smoker), alcohol consumption (never or special occasions only, one to three times a month, one to four times a week, daily or almost daily), physical activity (high, low, moderate or unknown/missing), portions of fruit and vegetable intake (< 5 portions per day, ≥ 5 portions per day, or unknown/missing) and fish intake (< 3 times per week, ≥ 3 times per week)
Model 3, fully adjusted model additionally adjusted for regular medications [multivitamin use (yes or no), mineral supplement (yes or no), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (yes or no), aspirin (yes or no)], and history of Alzheimer’s disease/dementia (yes or no)

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