Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
From: Exploring the Smoking-Epilepsy Nexus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Authors | Place and time of study | Gender | Study designs | Number of samples | Exposure categories | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohort | ||||||
Gao (2008) [12] | U.K 2000–2005 | Both | Cohort | 419,747 Case number 131 | Nonsmoker, ex-smoker, smoker; based on Read codes and AHD codes | Seizure and epilepsy |
Hamidou (2013) [17] | France 1985–2010 | Both | Cohort | 4358 Case number103 | Non-smokers, smokers (> 1 cigarette/day) | Seizure |
Reiter (2013) [18] | Norway 2013 | Female | Cohort | 106,935 pregnancies Case 711 | Smoking during pregnancy (women with epilepsy who did and did not use antiepileptic drugs) | Epilepsy |
Johnson (2018) [19] | U.S., 1987–2013 | Both | Cohort | 15,792 Case 348 Controls 10,072 | Smoking Never smoker, < 25 pack year, > = 25 pack year | With and Without Late Onset Epilepsy (based on ICD-9) |
Case–control | ||||||
Cockerell (1996) [20] | U.K., | Both | Case–control | Cases 123 Controls 133 | Smoking amounts not specified | Inactive and active epilepsy |
Janszky (2009) [21] | Sweden Male 1992–1993; Female 1992–1994 | Both | Case–control | Cases 44 Controls 4023 | Non-smokers. Ex-smokers (stopped smoking for more than 2 years), Smokers (currently smoking or stopped smoking within the previous 2 years) | Epilepsy |
Borthen (2011) [22] | Norway 1999–2006 | Female | Case–control | Cases 205 Controls 205 | Smoking during pregnancy (yes/no) | Inactive and active epilepsy |
Naldi (2013) [23] | Italy 2013 | Both | Case–control | 62 Case 33 Control 31 | Non, current, former smoker (For former smokers only (n = 96/434): year in which the study was conducted minus the year of quitting smoking.) | Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy patients |
Im (2016) [10] | Korea 2016 | Both | Case–control | 3016 Case 180 Control 2836 | Smoker, non-smoker | Epilepsy |
Aguirre (2017) [24] | Spain 2013–2014 | Both | Case Control | 278 Case 85 Controls 193 | Smoker, non-smoker, former smoker (based on survey) | Focal Epilepsy, Generalized Epilepsy |
Wang (2021) [9] | Australia, 2004–2019 | Both | Case–control | 427 Case 40 Controls 387 | Never, Current Smoker (defined as smoking within 12 months prior to recognition of cognitive decline) | With and Without Epilepsy (DSM-5) |
Cross-sectional | ||||||
Kobau (2008) [13] | U.S., 2005 | Both | Cross-sectional | 120,327 Cases 2203 | Smoking amounts not specified | Epilepsy |
Svalheim (2013) [25] | Norway and Austria 2013 | Both | Cross-sectional | 291 Case 211 Control 80 | Only Current Smoker | Epilepsy |
Cui (2015) [26] | U.S 2010 | Both | Cross-sectional | 27,139 Case 480 Control 26,659 | Non, current, former smoker (In the past 12 months, has a medical doctor, dentist, or other health professional advised you to quit smoking or quit using other kinds of tobacco) | Epilepsy |
Tumay (2015) [11] | Turkey 2015 | Both | Cross-sectional | 202 Case 106 Control 96 | Smoker, non-smoker (based on survey) | Epilepsy (Epilepsy duration) |
Wang (2016) [29] | U.S 2016 | Both | Cross-sectional | 43,020 Case 604 Control 42,416 | Smoker, non-smoker | Epilepsy |
Stefanidou (2022) [28] | U.S 1991–1995 | Both | Cross-sectional | 2986 Case 55 Control 2931 | Current smoker, non-smoker(self-report) | Incident Epilepsy, Without incident epilepsy (routine chart review, self-report, ICD-9) |