Table 3 Certainty assessment of the overall analysis on smoking and epilepsy using the GRADE Approach
From: Exploring the Smoking-Epilepsy Nexus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Outcomes | Certainty assessment | Effect | Certainty | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of studies | Study design | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias | Other considerations | OR (95% CI) | ||
Smoking—epilepsy | 17 | Seriousa | Seriousb | Not serious | Not seriousc | Not seriousd | No dose–response gradient Residual confounding, or biases Small effect size | 1.14 (0.96–1.36) | Low |