SARS-CoV-2, influenza A/B and respiratory syncytial virus positivity and association with influenza-like illness and self-reported symptoms, over the 2022/23 winter season in the UK: a longitudinal surveillance cohort

Table 3 Model estimates for influenza vaccination

	Influenza A/B Respiratory pilot		RSV Respiratory pilot		SARS-CoV-2 Full CIS
	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Flu vaccination 21/22 vs. Neither	0.81 (0.52, 1.26)	0.359	1.22 (0.83, 1.80)	0.307	1.09 (1.05, 1.13)	< 0.001
Flu vaccination both 21/22 and 22/23 vs. Neither	0.55 (0.32, 0.95)	0.032	0.75 (0.46, 1.21)	0.236	1.10 (1.05, 1.14)	< 0.001
No SARS-Cov-2 vaccination	1.05 (0.49, 2.23)	0.900	1.45 (0.75, 2.81)	0.268	0.81 (0.75, 0.88)	< 0.001
No prior SARS-Cov-2 infection	0.91 (0.53, 1.56)	0.732	0.85 (0.54, 1.35)	0.498	1.10 (1.06, 1.14)	< 0.001
Upcoming SARS-Cov-2 vaccination in the next 21 days	-		-		0.44 (0.40, 0.48)	< 0.001
Female vs. Male	0.87 (0.61, 1.23)	0.432	0.67 (0.50, 0.90)	0.009	0.94 (0.93, 0.98)	< 0.001
Ethnicity non-White vs. Ethnicity White	1.21 (0.72, 2.03)	0.472	0.84 (0.49, 1.44)	0.527	0.88 (0.84, 0.92)	< 0.001
Household size 2 vs. Household size 1	1.66 (0.80, 3.44)	0.173	1.11 (0.68, 1.83)	0.671	1.11 (1.07, 1.14)	< 0.001
Household size 3 + vs. Household size 1	1.37 (0.64, 2.91)	0.419	0.86 (0.50, 1.47)	0.584	1.13 (1.09, 1.18)	< 0.001
Ever worked in patient-facing health care	2.51 (1.31, 4.79)	0.005	1.01 (0.47, 2.17)	0.986	0.94 (0.88, 0.99)	0.029
Ever reported long-term health concerns	1.15 (0.72, 1.83)	0.569	1.08 (0.74, 1.57)	0.696	1.02 (1.00, 1.05)	< 0.001

All models include smooths for age, calendar time, days since the most recent SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (truncated at 365 days), and days since the start of the most recent SARS-CoV-2 infection episode (truncated at 365 days). Estimated smooths can be seen in Figs. S15, S16 and S17. The SARS-CoV-2 model also controls for upcoming SARS-CoV-2 in the next 21 days, as individuals testing SARS-CoV-2 positive were asked to defer vaccination (reverse causality), leading to a low probability of vaccination amongst those with a very recent infection. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination coinciding with study visit dates was counted from the next study visit onwards, and flu vaccination coinciding with study visit dates was counted from the next study visit onwards unless the participant had not had any study visits in the past 45 days, in which case vaccination counted from the current visit. Influenza A/B: heterogeneity p-value for effects of flu vaccination 21/22 vs. both 21/22 and 22/23 = 0.125. RSV: heterogeneity p-value for effects of flu vaccination 21/22 vs. both 21/22 and 22/3 = 0.020. SARS-CoV-2: heterogeneity p-value for effects of flu vaccination 21/22 vs. both 21/22 and 22/3 = 0.688

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