Fig. 5

Observational and causal links between age at menarche and other domains. A Standardised betas for age at menarche predicting symptoms in other domains of mental health in adolescence, based on linear regressions unadjusted and adjusted for covariates, concurrent depressive symptoms (age 14) and pre-pubertal symptoms (age 8), one-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR), and negative control MR with 8-year symptoms as outcomes. B Standardised odds ratios of age at menarche predicting diagnoses in other domains of mental health during adolescence (ages 10–17), based on logistic regressions unadjusted and adjusted for covariates, adolescent (ages 10–17) depression diagnoses and childhood diagnoses for each domain (ages 0–8), and one-sample MR. In both panels, the orange dashed line represents the smallest effect size of interest for the observational analysis; the blue dashed line represents the smallest effect size of interest for the MR; 95% confidence intervals are presented. ANX, anxiety; CD, conduct disorder; ODD, oppositional defiant disorder; ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; DBD, disruptive behaviour disorder