Table 1 Baseline characteristics by depression status

Age, mean (SD)

56.5 (8.0)

56.5 (8.0)

56.0 (8.4)

< 0.001

Sex, n (%)

< 0.001

 Female

147,923 (52.8)

142,069 (52.5)

5854 (61.5)

 Male

132,109 (47.2)

128,449 (47.5)

3660 (38.5)

Education, n (%)

< 0.001

 College or university

96,896 (34.6)

94,351 (34.9)

2545 (26.8)

 Others

183,136 (65.4)

176,167 (65.1)

6969 (73.2)

Employment, n (%)

< 0.001

 Employed

171,392 (61.2)

166,012 (61.4)

5380 (56.5)

 Non-employed

108,640 (38.8)

104,506 (38.6)

4134 (43.5)

Townsend deprivation index, mean (SD)

−1.6 (2.9)

−1.7 (2.9)

−1.0 (3.2)

< 0.001

Assessment centers, n (%)

< 0.001

 England

218,065 (77.9)

210,703 (77.9)

7362 (77.4)

 Scotland

29,409 (10.5)

28,584 (10.6)

825 (8.7)

 Wales

32,558 (11.6)

31,231 (11.5)

1327 (13.9)

Smoking status, n (%)

< 0.001

 Never

157,149 (56.1)

152,547 (56.4)

4602 (48.4)

 Previous

100,561 (35.9)

96,916 (35.8)

3645 (38.3)

 Current

22,322 (8.0)

21,055 (7.8)

1267 (13.3)

Drinking status, n (%)

< 0.001

 Never

7906 (2.8)

7561 (2.8)

345 (3.6)

 Previous

7446 (2.7)

6961 (2.6)

485 (5.1)

 Current

264,680 (94.5)

255,996 (94.6)

8684 (91.3)

Physical activity, n (%)

< 0.001

 Physically active

146,902 (52.5)

142,396 (52.6)

4506 (47.4)

 Physically inactive

133,130 (47.5)

128,122 (47.4)

5008 (52.6)

BMI, mean (SD)

27.2 (4.6)

27.2 (4.5)

28.3 (5.4)

< 0.001

Sleep duration (%)

 Normal (7–8 h)

196,959 (70.3)

191,194 (70.7)

5765 (60.6)

< 0.001

 Short (< 7 h)

65,006 (23.2)

62,111 (22.9)

2895 (30.4)

 Long (> 8 h)

18,067 (6.5)

17,213 (6.4)

854 (9.0)

Hypertension, n (%)

69,215 (24.7)

66,282 (24.5)

2933 (30.8)

< 0.001

Diabetes, n (%)

11,483 (4.1)

10,852 (4.0)

631 (6.6)

< 0.001

Stroke, n (%)

4814 (1.7)

4523 (1.7)

291 (3.1)

< 0.001

Coronary heart disease, n (%)

12,100 (4.3)

11,439 (4.2)

661 (7.0)

< 0.001

Heart failure, n (%)

1063 (0.4)

1016 (0.4)

47 (0.5)

0.065

Ischemic heart disease, n (%)

7133 (2.6)

6744 (2.5)

389 (4.1)

< 0.001

Lung-related diseases, n (%)

35,501 (12.7)

33,746 (12.5)

1755 (18.5)

< 0.001

FEV₁% predicted, mean (SD)

93.4 (16.4)

93.5 (16.3)

90.6 (17.2)

< 0.001

FVC % predicted, mean (SD)

97.1 (15.2)

97.2 (15.2)

95.0 (15.9)

< 0.001