Table 1 Baseline characteristics for participants with chronic pain stratified by depression status
Having no “lifetime” history of depression | Having a “lifetime” history of subthreshold depressive symptoms | Having a “lifetime” history of depression | Having present depression | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants | 11,137 (45.6) | 5317 (21.8) | 7951 (32.6) | 912 (3.7) | 24,405 (100.0) |
Demographic characteristics | |||||
Age, mean (SD) | 65.3 (7.3) | 64.3 (7.5) | 62.5 (7.3) | 59.6 (7.0) | 64.1 (7.5) |
Gender: male | 5036 (45.2) | 1963 (36.9) | 2229 (28.0) | 295 (32.3) | 9228 (37.8) |
Ethnicity | |||||
White | 10,825 (97.2) | 5151 (96.9) | 7730 (97.2) | 877 (96.2) | 23,706 (97.1) |
Black | 69 (0.6) | 37 (0.7) | 44 (0.6) | 9 (1.0) | 150 (0.6) |
Asian | 72 (0.6) | 42 (0.8) | 44 (0.6) | 5 (0.5) | 158 (0.6) |
Chinese | 23 (0.2) | 6 (0.1) | 14 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 43 (0.2) |
Mixed | 43 (0.4) | 27 (0.5) | 44 (0.6) | 4 (0.4) | 114 (0.5) |
Other | 51 (0.5) | 29 (0.5) | 39 (0.5) | 9 (1.0) | 119 (0.5) |
Missing | 54 (0.5) | 25 (0.5) | 36 (0.5) | 7 (0.8) | 115 (0.5) |
Townsend deprivation score | |||||
Most | 1192 (10.7) | 796 (15.0) | 1285 (16.2) | 244 (26.8) | 3273 (13.4) |
Average | 3310 (29.7) | 1765 (33.2) | 2692 (33.9) | 331 (36.3) | 7767 (31.8) |
Least | 6622 (59.5) | 2750 (51.7) | 3959 (49.8) | 333 (36.5) | 13,331 (54.6) |
Missing | 13 (0.1) | 6 (0.1) | 15 (0.2) | 4 (0.4) | 34 (0.1) |
BMI | |||||
Obesity | 2257 (20.3) | 1422 (26.7) | 2295 (28.9) | 411 (45.1) | 5974 (24.5) |
Overweight | 4617 (41.5) | 2076 (39.0) | 2954 (37.2) | 280 (30.7) | 9647 (39.5) |
Underweight or normal | 4219 (37.9) | 1800 (33.9) | 2674 (33.6) | 214 (23.5) | 8693 (35.6) |
Missing | 44 (0.4) | 19 (0.4) | 28 (0.4) | 7 (0.8) | 91 (0.4) |
Lifestyle behaviors | |||||
Smoking status | |||||
Current | 616 (5.5) | 450 (8.5) | 786 (9.9) | 154 (16.9) | 1852 (7.6) |
Former | 4016 (36.1) | 2033 (38.2) | 3088 (38.8) | 326 (35.7) | 9137 (37.4) |
Never | 6475 (58.1) | 2820 (53.0) | 4053 (51.0) | 426 (46.7) | 13,348 (54.7) |
Missing | 30 (0.3) | 14 (0.3) | 24 (0.3) | 6 (0.7) | 68 (0.3) |
Heavy drinkers | 795 (7.1) | 395 (7.4) | 533 (6.7) | 80 (8.8) | 1723 (7.1) |
Physical activity | |||||
High | 3655 (32.8) | 1582 (29.8) | 2426 (30.5) | 251 (27.5) | 7663 (31.4) |
Moderate | 3996 (35.9) | 1810 (34.0) | 2813 (35.4) | 263 (28.8) | 8619 (35.3) |
Low | 1705 (15.3) | 941 (17.7) | 1457 (18.3) | 234 (25.7) | 4103 (16.8) |
Missing | 1781 (16.0) | 984 (18.5) | 1255 (15.8) | 164 (18.0) | 4020 (16.5) |
Comorbidities | |||||
Stroke | 161 (1.4) | 87 (1.6) | 108 (1.4) | 13 (1.4) | 356 (1.5) |
Coronary artery disease | 983 (8.8) | 557 (10.5) | 750 (9.4) | 119 (13.0) | 2290 (9.4) |
Heart failure | 75 (0.7) | 58 (1.1) | 42 (0.5) | 9 (1.0) | 175 (0.7) |
Peripheral artery disease | 293 (2.6) | 184 (3.5) | 258 (3.2) | 57 (6.3) | 735 (3.0) |
Diabetes | 524 (4.7) | 436 (8.2) | 590 (7.4) | 145 (15.9) | 1550 (6.4) |
Addison’s disease | 4 (0.0) | 9 (0.2) | 6 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 19 (0.1) |
Cystic fibrosis | 3 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 5 (0.0) |
COPD | 342 (3.1) | 248 (4.7) | 383 (4.8) | 75 (8.2) | 973 (4.0) |
Asthma | 934 (8.4) | 647 (12.2) | 1197 (15.1) | 189 (20.7) | 2778 (11.4) |
Parkinson’s disease | 23 (0.2) | 29 (0.5) | 23 (0.3) | 2 (0.2) | 75 (0.3) |
Epilepsy | 92 (0.8) | 73 (1.4) | 107 (1.3) | 25 (2.7) | 272 (1.1) |
Multiple sclerosis | 62 (0.6) | 50 (0.9) | 74 (0.9) | 15 (1.6) | 186 (0.8) |
Paralysis | 84 (0.8) | 52 (1.0) | 77 (1.0) | 16 (1.8) | 213 (0.9) |
Solid organ cancers | 1141 (10.2) | 558 (10.5) | 777 (9.8) | 85 (9.3) | 2476 (10.1) |
Hematological cancers | 134 (1.2) | 71 (1.3) | 86 (1.1) | 14 (1.5) | 291 (1.2) |
Metastatic cancers | 245 (2.2) | 129 (2.4) | 175 (2.2) | 19 (2.1) | 549 (2.2) |
Dementia | 10 (0.1) | 18 (0.3) | 16 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | 44 (0.2) |
Schizophrenia | 2 (0.0) | 4 (0.1) | 9 (0.1) | 4 (0.4) | 15 (0.1) |
Connective tissue disease | 188 (1.7) | 135 (2.5) | 203 (2.6) | 36 (3.9) | 526 (2.2) |
Chronic liver disease | 229 (2.1) | 155 (2.9) | 259 (3.3) | 58 (6.4) | 643 (2.6) |
Inflammatory bowel disease | 211 (1.9) | 137 (2.6) | 185 (2.3) | 20 (2.2) | 533 (2.2) |
Chronic kidney disease | 306 (2.7) | 214 (4.0) | 259 (3.3) | 39 (4.3) | 779 (3.2) |
End-stage kidney disease | 7 (0.1) | 5 (0.1) | 2 (0.0) | 0 (0) | 14 (0.1) |
HIV/AIDS | 1 (0.0) | 6 (0.1) | 14 (0.2) | 5 (0.5) | 21 (0.1) |
Regular opioid use | 744 (6.7) | 624 (11.7) | 1106 (13.9) | 221 (24.2) | 2575 (10.1) |