Table 2 Overall and subgroup prevalence of depression among participants with chronic pain

Overall

45.7%, 1716/3757

10.5%, 396/3757

30.2%, 6235/20,648

2.5%, 516/20,648

Demographic characteristics

 Age

  45 to 54

61.4%, 333/542

22.3%, 121/542

38.4%, 1047/2729

4.8%, 132/2729

  55 to 64

54.4%, 724/1331

14.0%, 186/1331

35.9%, 2531/7050

3.3%, 234/7050

  65 or more

35.0%, 659/1884

4.7%, 89/1884

24.4%, 2657/10,869

1.4%, 150/10,869

 Gender

  Male

35.9%, 350/975

10.3%, 100/975

22.8%, 1879/8253

2.4%, 195/8253

  Female

49.1%, 1366/2782

10.6%, 296/2782

35.1%, 4356/12,395

2.6%, 321/12,395

 Ethnicity

  White

45.7%, 1637/3585

10.5%, 377/3585

30.3%, 6093/20,121

2.5%, 500/20,121

  Non-white

45.4%, 54/119

10.1%, 12/119

26.6%, 92/346

2.0%, 7/346

 Townsend deprivation score

  Most

51.6%, 363/703

16.9%, 119/703

35.9%, 922/2570

4.9%, 125/2570

  Average

48.4%, 645/1334

12.1%, 161/1334

31.8%, 2047/6433

2.6%, 170/6433

  Least

41.2%, 705/1713

6.8%, 116/1713

28.0%, 3254/11,618

1.9%, 217/11,618

BMI

 Obesity

50.6%, 713/1409

14.3%, 201/1409

34.7%, 1582/4565

4.6%, 210/4565

 Overweight

43.4%, 603/1388

8.9%, 124/1388

28.5%, 2351/8259

1.9%, 156/8259

 Underweight or normal

41.5%, 390/939

7.2%, 68/939

29.5%, 2284/7754

1.9%, 146/7754

Lifestyle behaviors

 Smoking status

  Current

55.8%, 198/355

20.8%, 74/355

39.3%, 588/1497

5.3%, 80/1497

  Former

45.5%, 663/1458

10.3%, 150/1458

31.6%, 2425/7679

2.3%, 176/7679

  Never

43.9%, 847/1930

8.8%, 169/1930

28.1%, 3206/11,418

2.3%, 257/11,418

 Alcohol consumption

  Heavy drinker

44.9%, 89/198

12.1%, 24/198

29.1%, 444/1525

3.7%, 56/1525

  Not heavy drinker

45.7%, 1627/3559

10.5%, 372/3559

30.3%, 5791/19,123

2.4%, 460/19,123

 Physical activity

  High

43.0%, 472/1097

9.0%, 99/1097

29.8%, 1954/6566

2.3%, 152/6566

  Moderate

46.6%, 542/1162

8.9%, 103/1162

30.5%, 2271/7457

2.1%, 160/7457

  Low

51.9%, 375/723

14.7%, 106/723

32.0%, 1082/3380

3.8%, 128/3380

Comorbidities

 Stroke

  Yes

46.0%, 39/63

9.5%, 6/63

27.0%, 79/293

2.4%, 7/293

  No

45.7%, 1687/3694

10.6%, 390/3694

30.2%, 6156/20,355

2.5%, 509/20,355

 Coronary artery disease

  Yes

42.3%, 218/515

11.3%, 58/515

30.0%, 532/1775

3.4%, 61/1775

  No

46.2%, 1498/3242

10.4%, 338/3242

30.2%, 5703/18,873

2.4%, 455/18,873

 Heart failure

  Yes

25.0%, 11/44

4.5%, 2/44

23.7%, 31/131

5.3%, 7/131

  No

45.9%, 1705/3713

10.6%, 394/3713

30.2%, 6204/20,517

2.5%, 509/20,517

 Peripheral artery disease

  Yes

50.6%, 90/178

17.4%, 31/178

30.2%, 168/557

4.7%, 26/557

  No

45.4%, 1626/3579

10.2%, 365/3579

30.2%, 6067/20,091

2.4%, 490/20,091

 Diabetes

  Yes

50.2%, 227/452

17.7%, 80/452

33.1%, 363/1098

5.9%, 65/1098

  No

45.1%, 1489/3305

9.6%, 316/3305

30.0%, 5872/19,550

2.3%, 451/19,550

 Addison’s disease

  Yes

60.0%, 3/5

-

21.4%, 3/14

7.1%, 1/14

  No

45.7%, 1713/3752

10.6%, 396/3752

30.2%, 6232/20,634

2.5%, 515/20,634

 Cystic fibrosis

  Yes

33.3%, 1/3

33.3%, 1/3

50.0%, 1/2

-

  No

45.7%, 1715/3754

10.5%, 395/3754

30.2%, 6234/20,646

2.5%, 516/20,646

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

  Yes

45.5%, 138/303

12.9%, 39/303

36.6%, 245/670

5.4%, 36/670

  No

45.7%, 1578/3454

10.3%, 357/3454

30.0%, 5990/19,978

2.4%, 480/19,978

 Asthma

  Yes

53.5%, 386/722

15.1%, 109/722

39.4%, 811/2056

3.9%, 80/2056

  No

43.8%, 1330/3035

9.5%, 287/3035

29.2%, 5424/18,592

2.3%, 436/18,592

 Parkinson’s disease

  Yes

44.4%, 8/18

-

26.3%, 15/57

3.5%, 2/57

  No

45.7%, 1708/3739

10.6%, 396/3343

30.2%, 6220/20,591

2.5%, 514/20,591

 Epilepsy

  Yes

54.5%, 36/66

21.2%, 14/66

34.5%, 71/206

5.3%, 11/206

  No

45.5%, 1680/3691

10.3%, 382/3691

30.2%, 6164/20,442

2.5%, 505/20,442

 Multiple sclerosis

  Yes

49.3%, 35/59

22.0%, 13/59

30.7%, 39/127

1.6%, 2/127

  No

45.5%, 1681/3698

10.4%, 383/3315

30.2%, 6196/20,521

2.5%, 514/20,521

 Paralysis

  Yes

55.7%, 34/61

16.4%, 10/61

28.3%, 43/152

3.9%, 6/152

  No

45.5%, 1682/3696

10.4%, 386/3696

30.2%, 6192/20,496

2.5%, 510/20,496

 Solid organ cancers

  Yes

43.7%, 184/421

9.3%, 39/421

28.9%, 593/2055

2.2%, 46/2055

  No

45.9%, 1532/3336

10.7%, 357/3336

30.3%, 5642/18,593

2.5%, 470/18,593

 Hematological cancers

  Yes

38.5%, 20/52

9.6%, 5/52

27.6%, 66/239

3.8%, 9/239

  No

45.8%, 1696/3705

10.6%, 391/3705

30.2%, 6169/20409

2.5%, 507/20409

 Metastatic cancers

  Yes

43.6%, 41/94

8.5%, 8/94

29.5%, 134/455

2.4%, 11/455

  No

45.7%, 1675/3663

10.6%, 388/3663

30.2%, 6101/20,193

2.5%, 505/20,193

 Dementia

  Yes

44.4%, 8/18

5.6%, 1/18

30.8%, 8/26

3.8%, 1/26

  No

45.7%, 1708/3739

10.6%, 395/3739

30.2%, 6227/20,622

2.5%, 515/20,622

 Schizophrenia

  Yes

-

-

60.0%, 9/15

26.7%, 4/15

  No

45.7%, 1716/3757

10.5%, 396/3757

30.2%, 6226/20,633

2.5%, 512/20,633

 Connective tissue disease

  Yes

42.9%, 93/217

11.5%, 25/217

35.6%, 110/309

3.6%, 11/309

  No

45.8%, 1623/3540

10.5%, 371/3540

30.1%, 6125/20,339

2.5%, 505/20,339

 Chronic liver disease

  Yes

53.5%, 108/202

16.8%, 34/202

34.2%, 151/441

5.4%, 24/441

  No

45.2%, 1608/3555

10.2%, 362/3555

30.1%, 6084/20,207

2.4%, 492/20,207

 Inflammatory bowel disease

  Yes

46.7%, 57/122

7.4%, 9/122

31.1%, 128/411

2.7%, 11/411

  No

45.6%, 1659/3635

10.6%, 387/3635

30.2%, 6107/20,237

2.5%, 505/20,237

 Chronic kidney disease

  Yes

38.0%, 78/205

6.3%, 13/205

31.5%, 181/574

4.5%, 26/574

  No

46.1%, 1638/3552

10.8%, 383/3552

30.2%, 6054/20,074

2.4%, 490/20,074

 End-stage kidney disease

  Yes

66.7%, 4/6

-

25.0%, 2/8

-

  No

45.7%, 1716/3751

10.6%, 396/3751

30.2%, 6233/20,640

2.5%, 516/20,640

 HIV/AIDS

  Yes

50.0%, 2/4

25.0%, 1/4

70.6%, 12/17

23.5%, 4/17

  No

45.7%, 1714/3753

10.5%, 395/3753

30.2%, 6223/20,631

2.5%, 512/20,631

Regular opioid use

 Yes

50.2%, 461/919

13.8%, 127/919

41.5%, 645/1555

6.0%, 94/1555

 No

44.2%, 1255/2838

9.5%, 269/2838

29.3%, 5590/19,093

2.2%, 422/19,093

Nature of pain

 Neuropathic pain

-

-

38.3%, 1582/4135

4.3%, 178/4135

 Non-neuropathic pain

-

-

28.2%, 4653/16,513

2.0%, 338/16,513

Pain location that bothers you most

 Leg pain

-

-

31.4%, 285/907

2.6%, 24/907

 Chest pain

-

-

36.0%, 81/225

6.2%, 14/225

 Feet pain

-

-

29.7%, 483/1629

2.6%, 42/1629

 Hand pain

-

-

31.7%, 451/1421

1.9%, 27/1421

 Arm pain

-

-

30.7%, 108/352

2.6%, 9/352

 Knee pain

-

-

28.4%, 784/2765

2.1%, 58/2765

 Hip pain

-

-

31.8%, 473/1487

2.4%, 36/1487

 Stomach or abdominal pain

-

-

37.4%, 293/784

3.8%, 30/784

 Back pain

-

-

30.2%, 1376/4552

3.1%, 141/4552

 Neck or shoulder pain

-

-

33.7%, 863/2562

2.5%, 63/2562

 Facial pain

-

-

36.0%, 71/197

2.5%, 5/197

 Headache

-

-

38.7%, 402/1040

3.8%, 39/1040