Table 1 Baseline characteristics
| Â | All patients (N = 2476) | Bridging therapy (n = 1242) | No bridging therapy (n = 1234) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
General demographics | ||||
Age | 82.58 ± 6.75 | 82.33 ± 6.80 | 82.84 ± 6.70 | 0.060 |
Sex, male, n (%) | 2036 (82.2) | 1006 (81.0) | 1030 (83.4) | 0.115 |
ASA, n (%) | ||||
 I | 100 (4.04) | 52 (4.19) | 48 (3.89) |  |
 II | 1710 (69.06) | 850 (68.44) | 860 (69.69) |  |
 III | 522 (21.08) | 270 (21.74) | 252 (20.42) |  |
 IV | 144 (5.82) | 70 (5.64) | 74 (6.00) | 0.453 |
 ≥ 4MET, n (%) | 1580 (63.81) | 808 (65.06) | 772 (62.56) | 0.196 |
Clinical covariates | ||||
 Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.3 ± 2.5 | 23.9 ± 2.9 | 24.8 ± 2.1 | 0.746 |
Antiplatelet drugs | ||||
 Aspirin use, n (%) | 1975 (79.77) | 980 (78.90) | 995 (80.63) | 0.285 |
 Clopidogrel use, n (%) | 386 (15.59) | 194 (15.62) | 192 (15.56) | 0.967 |
 Prasugrel, n (%) | 80 (3.23) | 45 (3.62) | 35 (2.84) | 0.268 |
 Ticagrelor, n (%) | 35 (1.41) | 23 (1.85) | 12 (0.97) | 0.064 |
 ACE inhibitor or ARB use, n (%) | 882 (35.62) | 447 (35.99) | 435 (35.25) | 0.701 |
 Statin use, n (%) | 1922 (77.58) | 958 (74.88) | 964 (80.31) | 0.556 |
Comorbidities | ||||
 Prior myocardial infarction, n (%) | 584 (23.6) | 278 (22.38) | 306 (24.79) | 0.157 |
 Chronic heart failure, n (%) | 566 (28.60) | 269 (21.65) | 297 (24.06) | 0.153 |
 Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 616 (24.87) | 291 (23.42) | 325 (26.33) | 0.094 |
 Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 358 (14.50) | 195 (15.70) | 163 (13.21) | 0.078 |
 Peripheral artery disease, n (%) | 992 (40.10) | 482 (38.81) | 510 (41.32) | 0.201 |
 Hypertension, n (%) | 1328 (53.63) | 654 (52.67) | 674 (54.61) | 0.328 |
 Prior stroke/TIA, n (%) | 737 (29.76) | 378 (30.43) | 359 (29.09) | 0.465 |
 Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 1306 (52.70) | 659 (53.05) | 647 (52.43) | 0.754 |
 COPD, n (%) | 870 (35.10) | 421 (33.90) | 449 (36.39) | 0.195 |
 Asthma, n (%) | 289 (11.70) | 150 (12.08) | 139 (11.26) | 0.529 |
 ARISCACT score | 27 ± 7 | 26 ± 8 | 28 ± 6 | 0.536 |
 Active tumor disease, n (%) | 814 (32.87) | 395 (31.80) | 419 (33.95) | 0.255 |
RCRI score, n (%) | ||||
 I | 214 (8.64) | 113 (9.10) | 101 (8.18) | 0.419 |
 II | 1267 (51.20) | 647 (52.09) | 620 (50.24) | 0.357 |
 III | 324 (13.1) | 175 (14.09) | 149 (12.07) | 0.137 |
 IV | 671 (27.10) | 307 (24.72) | 364 (29.50) | 0.007 |
Type of surgery, n (%) | ||||
 Gastrointestinal Surgery | 636 (25.69) | 311 (25.04) | 325 (26.33) | 0.460 |
 Thoracic | 337 (13.61) | 159 (12.80) | 178 (14.42) | 0.239 |
 Hepatobiliary surgery | 318 (12.84) | 166 (13.67) | 152 (12.32) | 0.436 |
 Orthopedic | 225 (9.09) | 119 (9.58) | 106 (8.59) | 0.391 |
 Cerebral surgery | 192 (7.75) | 97 (7.81) | 95 (7.70) | 0.917 |
 Urology | 709 (28.63) | 359 (28.90) | 350 (28.36) | 0.765 |
 Other | 59 (2.38) | 31 (2.50) | 28 (2.27) | 0.711 |
 High-bleed-risk surgery , n (%) | 2450 (98.95) | 1230 (99.03) | 1220 (98.87) | 0.681 |
 Low-to-moderate-bleed-risk surgery (30-day risk of major bleed 0–2%), n (%) | 18 (0.73) | 7 (0.56) | 11 (0.89) |  |
 Minimal-bleed-risk surgery (30-day risk of major bleed approximately 0%), n (%) | 8 (0.32) | 5 (0.41) | 3 (0.24) |  |
Laboratory values | ||||
 Hemoglobin, g/dl | 121.96 ± 18.39 | 122.88 ± 17.63 | 121.04 ± 19.17 | 0.413 |
 Preoperative platelet (×109/L) | 189.59 ± 58.88 | 191.31 ± 58.82 | 187.85 ± 58.91 | 0.547 |
 Perioperative MAP, mmHg | 67.53 ± 7.24 | 66.75 ± 6.29 | 68.33 ± 7.56 | 0.511 |
 APTT, s | 35.53 ± 6.50 | 35.42 ± 6.69 | 35.64 ± 6.37 | 0.619 |
 D-dimer, mg/ml | 1.02 (0.47,2.03) | 1.06 (0.50,2.18) | 1.00 (0.44.1.95) | 0.130 |
 C-reactive protein, mg/l | 1.46 (0.33,4.73) | 1.44 (0.33,4.71) | 1.51 (0.35,4.92) | 0.864 |
 Creatine kinase, U/l | 62.00 (31.50,109.2) | 64.00 (32.10,113.7) | 60.35 (30.30,109.20) | 0.150 |
 Bilirubin, μmol/l | 18.05 ± 2.85 | 18.32 ± 3.55 | 17.78 ± 1.55 | 0.945 |
 CK-MB, U/l | 24.46 ± 5.90 | 25.40 ± 7.40 | 23.52 ± 4.31 | 0.587 |
 Myoglobin, U/l | 45.00 (33.00,67.00) | 45.50 (32.00,69.25) | 43.00 (31.00,63.00) | 0.437 |
 Lactate dehydrogenase, U/l | 2.37 ± 0.78 | 2.37 ± 0.82 | 2.38 ± 0.75 | 0.910 |
 Creatinine, mg/dl | 78.54 ± 31.42 | 77.80 ± 30.81 | 79.30 ± 32.05 | 0.785 |
 Albumin, g/dl | 33.34 ± 4.80 | 32.73 ± 5.19 | 33.95 ± 4.74 | 0.708 |
 Sodium, mEq/l | 139.66 ± 3.54 | 139.52 ± 3.43 | 139.80 ± 3.64 | 0.920 |
 BNP, ng/ml | 335.76 ± 27.41 ± | 347.88 ± 19.01 | 323.56 ± 35.80 | 0.859 |
 Preoperative hs-cTnT, ng/l | 17.00 (10.00,31.00) | 19.00 (10.00,30.00) | 16.00 (10.00,35.00) | 0.164 |
 Maximum Postoperative hs-cTnT, ng/l | 20.00 (14.00,38.00) | 20.00 (10.00,40.00) | 24.00 (14.00.,34.00) | 0.000 |