Immunoinflammatory pathways | ED/MS | ME/CFS |
---|---|---|
Raised levels of proinflammatory cytokines, for example, interleukin (IL) 1 and tumor necrosis factor-α | ✓ | ✓ |
Increased nuclear factor κB | ✓ | ✓ |
Increased cyclo-oxygenase 2 | ✓ | ✓ |
Raised IL-2 | ✓ | ✓ |
Raised IL-10 | ✓ | ✓ |
Raised transforming growth factor β | ✓ | ✓ |
Coexistence of a T helper (Th)1 and Th2 response | ✓ | ✓ |
Elevated osteopontin levels | ✓ | ✓ |
Temporal variation in cytokine profile | ✓ | ✓ |
Elevated neopterin | ✓ | ✓ |
T regulatory (Treg) dysfunction | ✓ | ✓ |
Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) dysfunction | ✓ | ✓ |
Clonal exhaustion of T cells | ✓ | ✓ |
Elevated CD26 | ✓ | ✓ |
CD69 expression | ↑ | ↓ |
Low natural killer cell activity | ✓ | ✓ |
Chronic activation of immunoinflammatory pathways | ✓ | ✓ |