Disanto G, Berlanga AJ, Handel AE, Para AE, Burrell AM, Fries A, Handunnetthi L, De Luca GC, Morahan JM: Heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis: scratching the surface of a complex disease. Autoimm Dis. 2010, 2011: 932351.
Google Scholar
Huang YM, Liu X, Steffensen K, Sanna A, Arru G, Fois ML, Rosati G, Sotgiu S, Link H: Immunological heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis in Sardinia and Sweden. Mult Scler. 2005, 11: 16-23.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hohlfeld R, Wekerle H: Autoimmune concepts of multiple sclerosis as a basis for selective immunotherapy: from pipe dreams to (therapeutic) pipelines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004, 2004: 14599-14606.
Google Scholar
Winkler AS, Blair D, Marsden JT, Peters TJ, Wessely S, Cleare AJ: Autonomic function and serum erythropoietin levels in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2004, 56: 179-183.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Morris G, Maes M: A neuro-immune model of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Metab Brain Dis. 2012, Epub ahead of print
Google Scholar
Morris G, Anderson G, Galecki P, Berk M, Maes M: A narrative review on the similarities and dissimilarities between myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and sickness behavior. BMC Med. 2013, 11: 64.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sharpe MC, Archard LC, Banatvala JE, Borysiewicz LK, Clare AW, David A, Edwards RH, Hawton KE, Lambert HP, Lane RJ: A report-chronic fatigue syndrome: guidelines for research. J R Soc Med. 1991, 84: 118-121.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Morris G, Maes M: Case definitions and diagnostic criteria for myalgic encephalomyelitis and Chronic fatigue Syndrome: from clinical-consensus to evidence-based case definitions. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2013, 34: 185-199.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maes M: Nooit meer moe: CVS ontmaskerd. 2010, Brugge, Belgium: Zorro Uitgevers
Google Scholar
Maes M, Twisk FN, Johnson C: Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and chronic fatigue (CF) are distinguished accurately: Results of supervised learning techniques applied on clinical and inflammatory data. Psychiatr Res. 2012, 200: 754-760.
Google Scholar
Carruthers BM, van de Sande MI, De Meirleir KL, Klimas NG, Broderick G, Mitchell T, Staines D, Powles AC, Speight N, Vallings R, Bateman L, Baumgarten-Austrheim B, Bell DS, Carlo-Stella N, Chia J, Darragh A, Jo D, Lewis D, Light AR, Marshall-Gradisbik S, Mena I, Mikovits JA, Miwa K, Murovska M, Pall ML, Stevens S: Myalgic encephalomyelitis: international consensus criteria. J Intern Med. 2011, 270: 327-338.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Freeman R, Komaroff AL: Does the chronic fatigue syndrome involve the autonomic nervous system?. Am J Med. 1997, 102: 357-364.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Allen J, Murrary A, Di Maria C, Newton JL: Chronic fatigue syndrome and impaired peripheral pulse characteristics on orthostasis - a new potential diagnostic biomarker. Physiol Meas. 2010, 33: 231-241.
Google Scholar
Newton JL, Okonkwo O, Sutcliffe K, Seth A, Shin J, Jones DEJ: Symptoms of autonomic dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome. Q J Med. 2007, 100: 519-526.
CAS
Google Scholar
Mosqueda Garcia R, Furlan R, Snell M, Jacob G, Harris P: Primary sympathetic hyperadrenergic orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (HOT). Neurology. 1997, 48: A147.
Google Scholar
Montague TJ, Marrie TJ, Klassen GA, Bewick DJ, Horacek BM: Cardiac function at rest and with exercise in the chronic fatigue syndrome. Chest. 1989, 95: 779-784.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pagani M, Lucini D, Mela GS, Langewitz W, Malliani A: Sympathetic overactivity in subjects complaining of unexplained fatigue. Clin Sci. 1994, 87: 655-661.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
De Becker P, Dendale P, De Meirleir K, Campine I, Vandenborne K, Hagers Y: Autonomic testing in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J Med. 1998, 105: 122S-126S.
Google Scholar
Soetekouw PM, Lenders JW, Bleijenberg G, Thien T, van der Meer JW: Autonomic function in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 1999, 9: 334-340.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rowe PC, Boo-Holaigh I, Kan JS, Calkins H: Is neurally mediated hypotension an unrecognized cause of chronic fatigue?. Lancet. 1995, 345: 623-624.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bou-Holaigh I, Rowe PC, Kan JS, Calking H: The relationship between neurally mediated hypotension and the chronic fatigue syndrome. JAMA. 1995, 274: 961-967.
Google Scholar
Streeten DH, Anderson GH: The role of delayed orthostatic hypotension in the pathogenesis of chronic fatigue. Clin Auton Res. 1998, 8: 119-124.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schondorf R, Freeman R: The importance of orthostatic intolerance in the chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J Med Sci. 1999, 317: 117-123.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Axelrod FB, Chelimsky GG, Weese-Mayer DE: Pediatric autonomic disorders. Pediatrics. 2006, 2006: 309-321.
Google Scholar
Stewart J, Weldon A, Arlievsky N, Li K, Munoz J: Neurally mediated hypotension and autonomic dysfunction measured by heart rate variability during head-up tilt table testing in children with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 1998, 8: 221-230.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stewart JM, Gewitz MH, Weldon A, Munoz J: Patterns of orthostatic intolerance: the orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and adolescent chronic fatigue. J Pediatr. 1999, 135: 218-225.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stewart JM: Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in adolescents with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome is characterized by attenuated vagal baroreflex and potentiated sympathetic vasomotion. Pediatr Res. 2000, 48: 218-226.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shepherd C: Pacing and exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome. Physiotherapy. 2001, 87: 395-396.
Google Scholar
Iriarte J, de Castro P: Correlation between sympotom fatigue and muscular fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 1998, 5: 579-585.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barak Y, Achiron A: Cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis: findings from a two-wave screening project. J Neurol Sci. 2006, 245: 73-76.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Iriarte J, Subira ML, Castro P: Modalities of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: correlation with clinical and biological factors. Mult Scler. 2000, 6: 124-130.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Olsson M, Lexell J, Soderberg S: The meaning of fatigue for women with multiple sclerosis. J Adv Nurs. 2005, 49: 7-15.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kos D, Kerckhofs E, Nagels G, D’hooghe B, Ilsbroukx S: Origin of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: review of the literature. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007, 20: 1-10.
Google Scholar
Vucic S, Burke D, Kiernan MC: Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: mechanisms and management. Clin Neurophysiol. 2010, 121: 809-817.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boerio D, Lefaucheur JP, Hogrel JY, Creange A: Pathophysiology and treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurol. 2006, 162: 311-320.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Debouverie M, Pittion S: Fatigue and episodic exhaustion as a feature of multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurol. 2006, 162: 295-297.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bakshi R: Fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, impact and management. Mult Scler. 2003, 9: 219-227.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Haensch CA, Jorg J: Autonomic dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2006, 253: 13-19.
Google Scholar
Lensch E, Jost WH: Autonomic disorders in multiple sclerosis. Autoimmune Dis. 2011, 2011: 803841.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kanjwal K, Karabin B, Kanjwal Y, Grubb BP: Autonomic dysfunction presenting as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in patients with multiple sclerosis. Int J Med Sci. 2010, 7: 62-67.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
McDougall J, McLeod JG: Autonomic nervous system function in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2003, 215: 79-85.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Merkelbach U, Dillmann C, Kolmel J, Holz I, Muller M: Cardiovascular autonomic dysregulation and fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2001, 7: 320-326.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
de Seze J, Stojkovic T, Gauvrit JY, Devos D, Ayachi M, Cassim F, Saint Michel T, Pruvo JP, Guieu JD, Vermersch P: Autonomic dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: cervical spinal cord atrophy correlates. J Neurol. 2001, 248: 297-303.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nordenbo AM, Boesen F, Andersen EB: Cardiovascular autonomic function in multiple sclerosis. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1989, 26: 77-84.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mathiowetz VG, Finlayson ML, Matuska KM, Chen HY, Luo P: Randomized trial of an energy conservation course for persons with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2005, 11: 592-601.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Matuska K, Mathiowetz V, Finlayson M: Use and perceived effectiveness of energy conservation strategies for managing multiple sclerosis fatigue. Am J Occup Ther. 2007, 61: 62-69.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vanage SM, Gilbertson KK, Mathiowetz V: Effects of energy conservation course on fatigue impact for persons with progressive multiple sclerosis. Am J Occup Ther. 2003, 57: 315-323.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Papanicolaou DA, Amsterdamb JD, Levine S, McCann SM, Moore RC, Newbrand CH, Allen G, Nisenbaum R, Pfaff DW, Tsokos GC, Vgontzas AN, Kales A: Neuroendocrine Aspects of chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2003, 11: 65-74.
Google Scholar
Reynolds NL, Brown MM, Jason LA: The relationship of Fennell phases to symptoms among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Eval Health Prof. 2009, 32: 264-280.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nisenbaum R, Jones JF, Unger ER, Reyes M, Reeves WC: A population-based study of the clinical course of chronic. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003, 1: 49.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fukuda K, Straus SE, Hickie I, Sharpe MC, Dobbins JG, Komaroff A: The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1994, 121: 953-959.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hinds GME, McCluskey DR: A retrospective study of chronic fatigue syndrome. Proc R Coll Physicians Edinburgh. 1993, 23: 10-14.
Google Scholar
Wilson A, Hickie I, Lloyd A, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Boughton C, Dwyer J, Wakefield D: Longitudinal study of outcome of chronic fatigue syndrome. Br Med J. 1994, 308: 756759.
Google Scholar
Tiersky LA, DeLuca J, Hill N, Dhar SK, Johnson SK, Lange G, Rappolt G, Natelson BH: Longitudinal assessment of neuropsychological functioning, psychiatric status, functional disability and employment status in chronic fatigue syndrome. Appl Neuropsychol. 2001, 8: 41-50.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hill NF, Tiersky LA, Scavalla VR, Lavietes M, Natelson BH: Natural history of severe chronic fatigue syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999, 80: 1090-1094.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van der Werf SP, de Vree B, Alberts M, Van der Meer JWM, Bleijenberg G: Natural course and predicting self- reported improvement in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome with a relatively short illness duration. J Psychosomat Res. 2002, 53: 749753.
Google Scholar
Peterson PK, Schenck CH, Sherman R: Chronic fatigue syndrome in Minnesota. Minn Med. 1991, 74: 21-26.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Saltzstein BJ, Wyshak G, Hubbuch JT, Perry JC: A naturalistic study of the chronic fatigue syndrome among women in primary care. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1998, 20: 307316.
Google Scholar
Buljevac D, Flach HZ, Hop WC, Hijdra D, Laman JD, Savelkoul HF, van Der Meche FG, van Doorn PA, Hintzen RQ: Prospective study on the relationship between infections and multiple sclerosis exacerbations. Brain. 2002, 125: 952-960.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Buljevac D, Hop WC, Reedeker W, Janssens AC, van der Meche FG, van Doorn PA, Hintzen RQ: Self reported stressful life events and exacerbations in multiple sclerosis: prospective study. BMJ. 2003, 327: 646.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Persoons JH, Schornagel K, Breve J, Berkenbosch F, Kraal G: Acute stress affects cytokines and nitric oxide production by alveolar macrophages differently. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995, 152: 619-624.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ontaneda D, Rae-Grant A: Management of acute exacerbations in multiple sclerosis. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2009, 12: 264-272.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nicolson GL, Nasralla M, Haier J, Erwin R, Nicolson NL, Ngwenya R: Mycoplasmal infections in chronic illnesses: fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndromes, Gulf War illness, HIV-AIDS and rheumatoid arthritis. Med Sentinel. 1999, 4: 172-176.
Google Scholar
Nicolson GL, Haier J, Nasralla M, Haier J, Erwin R, Nicolson NL, Ngwenya R: Mycoplasmal infections in chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia syndrome and Gulf War illness. JCFS. 2000, 6: 23-39.
Google Scholar
Nicolson GL, Nasralla M, De Meirleir K, Gan R, Haier J: Evidence for bacterial (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia) and viral (HHV-6) co-infections in chronic fatigue syndrome patients. JCFS. 2003, 11: 7-20.
Google Scholar
Nicolson GL, Gan R, Haier J: Multiple co-infections (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, human herpesvirus-6) in blood of chronic fatigue syndrome patients: association with signs and symptoms. APMIS. 2003, 111: 557-566.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nicolson GL, Nicolson NL, Haier J: Chronic fatigue syndrome patients subsequently diagnosed with Lyme Disease Borrelia burgdorferi: evidence for mycoplasma species co-infections. JCFS. 2008, 14: 5-17.
Google Scholar
Vojdani A, Choppa PC, Tagle C, Andrin R, Samimi B, Lapp CW: Detection of mycoplasma genus and mycoplasma fermentans by PCR in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1998, 22: 355-365.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Seishima M, Mizutani Y, Shibuya Y, Arakawa C: Chronic fatigue syndrome after human parvovirus B19 infection without persistent viremia. Dermatology. 2008, 216: 341-346.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chia JK, Chia AY: Chronic fatigue syndrome is associated with chronic enterovirus infection of the stomach. J Clin Pathol. 2008, 61: 43-48.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goudsmit EM, Howes S: Pacing to manage chronic fatigue syndrome. Pacing: an additional strategy to manage fatigue in chronic fatigue syndrome. http://freespace.virgin.net/david.axford/pacing.htm.
LaManca JJ, Peckerman A, Sisto SA, DeLuca J, Cook S, Natelson BH: Cardiovascular responses of women with chronic fatigue syndrome to stressful cognitive testing before and after strenuous exercise. Psychosom Med. 2001, 63: 756-764.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kerr JR, Mattey DL: Preexisting psychological stress predicts acute and chronic fatigue and arthritis following symptomatic parvovirus B19 infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2008, 46: e83-e87.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ebers GC: Environmental factors and multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2008, 7: 268-277.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Simpson S, Blizzard L, Otahal P, Van der Mei I, Taylor B: Latitude is significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011, 82: 1132-1141.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Buchwald D, Umali P, Umali J, Kith P, Pearlman T, Komaroff AL: Chronic fatigue and the chronic fatigue syndrome: prevalence in a Pacific Northwest health care system. Ann Intern Med. 1995, 123: 81-88.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Acheson D: The clinical syndrome variously called benign myalgic encephalomyelitis, Iceland disease and epidemic neuromyasthenia. Am J Med. 1959, 26: 569-595.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Holmes GP, Kaplan JE, Gantz NM, Komaroff AL, Schonberger LB, Straus SE, Jones JF, Dubois RE, Cunningham-Rundles C, Pahwa S, Tosato G, Zegans LS, Purtilo DT, Brown N, Schooley RT, Brus I: Chronic fatigue syndrome: a working case definition. Ann Intern Med. 1988, 108: 387-389.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jason LA, King CP, Frankenberry EL, Jordan KM, Tryon WW, Rademaker F, Huang CF: Chronic fatigue syndrome: assessing symptoms and activity level. J Clin Psychol. 1999, 55: 411-424.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reyes M, Nisenbaum R, Hoaglin DC, Unger ER, Emmons C, Randall B, Stewart JA, Abbey S, Jones JF, Gantz N, Minden S, Reeves WC: Prevalence and incidence of chronic fatigue syndrome in Wichita. Kansas. Arch Intern Med. 2003, 2003: 1530-1536.
Google Scholar
Harbo HF, Gold R, Tintore M: Sex and gender issues in multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2013, 6: 237-248.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Haider L, Fischer MT, Frischer JM, Bauer J, Hoftberger R, Botond G, Esterbauer H, Binder CJ, Witztum JL, Lassmann H: Oxidative damage in multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain. 2011, 134: 1914-1924.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gonsette RE: Review: Oxidative stress and excitotoxicity: a therapeutic issue in multiple sclerosis?. Mult Scler. 2008, 14: 22-34.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Toshniwal PK, Zarling EJ: Evidence for increased lipid peroxidation in multiple sclerosis. Neurochem Res. 1992, 17: 205-207.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
van Horssen J, Schreibelt G, Drexhage J, Hazes T, Dijkstra CD, van der Valk P, de Vries HE: Severe oxidative damage in multiple sclerosis lesions coincides with enhanced antioxidant enzyme expression. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008, 45: 1729-1737.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Smith KJ, Kapoor R, Felts A: Demyelination: the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Brain Pathol. 1999, 9: 69-92.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hill KE, Zollinger LV, Watt HE, Carlson NG, Rose JW: Inducible nitric oxide synthase in chronic active multiple sclerosis plaques: distribution, cellular expression and association with myelin damage. J Neuroimmunol. 2004, 151: 171-179.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Koch M, Mostert J, Arutjunyan A, Stepanov M, Teelken A, Heersema D, De Keyser J: Peripheral blood leukocyte NO production and oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2008, 14: 159-165.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Basu S: Isoprostanes: novel bioactive products of lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Res. 2004, 38: 105-122.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Greco A, Minghetti L, Levi G: Isoprostanes, novel markers of oxidative injury, help understanding the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Res. 2000, 25: 1357-1364.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Morrow JD: The isoprostanes - unique products of arachidonate peroxidation: their role as mediators of oxidant stress. Curr Pharm. 2006, 12: 895-902.
CAS
Google Scholar
Mattsson N, Haghighi S, Andersen O, Yao Y, Rosengren L, Blennow K, Pratico D, Zetterberg H: Elevated cerebrospinal fluid F2- isoprostane levels indicating oxidative stress in healthy siblings of multiple sclerosis patients. Neurosci Lett. 2007, 414: 233-236.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maes M, Mihaylova I, Leunis JC: Chronic fatigue syndrome is accompanied by an IgM-related immune response directed against neopitopes formed by oxidative or nitrosative damage to lipids and proteins. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2006, 27: 615-621.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maes M, Mihaylova I, Kubera M, Uytterhoeven M, Vrydags N, Bosmans E: Increased 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative damage to DNA, in major depression and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2009, 30: 715-722.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maes M, Mihaylova I, Kubera M, Uytterhoeven M, Vrydags N, Bosmans E: Coenzyme Q10 deficiency in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is related to fatigue, autonomic and neurocognitive symptoms and is another risk factor explaining the early mortality in ME/CFS due to cardiovascular disorder. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2009, 30: 470-476.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maes M, Kubera M, Uytterhoeven M, Vrydags N, Bosmans E: Increased plasma peroxides as a marker of oxidative stress in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Med Sci Monit. 2011, 17: SC11-SC15.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Manuel y Keenoy B, Moorkens G, Vertommen J, Noe M, Neve J, De Leeuw I: Magnesium status and parameters of the oxidant-antioxidant balance in patients with chronic fatigue: effects of supplementation with magnesium. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000, 19: 374-382.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Manuel-y-Keenoy B, Moorkens G, Vertommen J, De Leeuw I: Antioxidant status and lipoprotein peroxidation in chronic fatigue syndrome. Life Sci. 2001, 68: 2037-2049.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vecchiet J, Cipollone F, Falasca K, Mezzetti A, Pizzigallo E, Bucciarelli T, De Laurentis S, Affaitati G, De Cesare D, Giamberardino MA: Relationship between musculoskeletal symptoms and blood markers of oxidative stress in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Neurosci Letters. 2003, 335: 151-154.
CAS
Google Scholar
Miwa K, Fujita M: Fluctuation of serum vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) concentrations during exacerbation and remission phases in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Heart Vessels. 2010, 25: 319-323.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kennedy G, Spence VA, McLaren M, Hill A, Underwood C, Belch JJ: Oxidative stress levels are raised in chronic fatigue syndrome and are associated with clinical symptoms. Free Radic Biol Med. 2005, 39: 584-589.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maes M, Mihaylova I, Kubera M, Bosmans E: Not in the mind but in the cell: increased production of cyclo-oxygenase-2 and inducible NO synthase in chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2007, 28: 463-469.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jammes Y, Steinberg JG, Delliaux S: Chronic fatigue syndrome: acute infection and history of physical activity affect resting levels and response to exercise of plasma oxidant/antioxidant status and heat shock proteins. J Intern Med. 2011, 272: 74-84.
Google Scholar
Jammes Y, Steinberg JG, Mambrini O, Bregeon F, Delliaux S: Chronic fatigue syndrome: assessment of increased oxidative stress and altered muscle excitability in response to incremental exercise. J Intern Med. 2005, 257: 299-310.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fulle S, Pietrangelo T, Mancinelli R, Saggini R, Fano G: Specific correlations between muscle oxidative stress and chronic fatigue syndrome: a working hypothesis. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 2007, 28: 355-362.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Richards RS, Roberts TK, McGregor NR, Dunstan RH, Butt HL: Blood parameters indicative of oxidative stress are associated with symptom expression in chronic fatigue syndrome. Redox Rep. 2000, 5: 35-41.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shungu DC, Weiduschat N, Murrough JW, Mao X, Pillemer S, Dyke JP, Medow MS, Natelson BH, Stewart JM, Mathew SJ: Increased ventricular lactate in chronic fatigue syndrome. III. Relationships to cortical glutathione and clinical symptoms implicate oxidative stress in disorder pathophysiology. NMR Biomed. 2012, 25: 1073-1087.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Syburra C, Passi S: Oxidative stress in patients with multiple sclerosis. Ukr Biokhim Zh. 1999, 71: 112-115.
CAS
Google Scholar
de Bustos F, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Molina JA, Gómez-Escalonilla C, de Andrés C, del Hoyo P, Zurdo M, Tallón-Barranco A, Berbel A, Porta-Etessam J, Parrilla G, Arenas J: Serum levels of coenzyme Q10 in patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2000, 101: 209-211.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Choi IY, Lee SP, Denney DR, Lynch SG: Lower levels of glutathione in the brains of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis patients measured by 1H magnetic resonance chemical shift imaging at 3 T. Mult Scler. 2011, 17: 289-296.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ghazavi A, Kianbakht S, Ghasami K, Mosayebi G: High copper and low zinc serum levels in Iranian patients with multiple sclerosis: a case control study. Clin Lab. 2012, 58: 161-164.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maes M, Mihaylova I, Leunis JC: In chronic fatigue syndrome, the decreased levels of omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids are related to lowered serum zinc and defects in T cell activation. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2005, 26: 745-751.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dujmovic I, Mangano K, Pekmezovic T, Quattrocchi C, Mesaros S, Stojsavljevic N, Nicoletti F, Drulovic J: The analysis of IL-1 beta and its naturally occurring inhibitors in multiple sclerosis: the elevation of IL-1 receptor antagonist and IL-1 receptor type II after steroid therapy. J Neuroimmunol. 2009, 207: 101-106.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Argaw AT, Zhang Y, Snyder BJ, Zhao ML, Kopp N, Lee SC, Raine CS, Brosnan CF, John GR: IL-1beta regulates blood-brain barrier permeability via reactivation of the hypoxia-angiogenesis program. J Immunol. 2006, 177: 5574-5584.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hauser SL, Doolittle TH, Lincoln R, Brown RH, Dinarello CA: Cytokine accumulations in CSF of multiple sclerosis patients: frequent detection of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor but not interleukin-6. Neurology. 1990, 40: 1735-1739.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sharief MK, Hentges R: Association between tumor necrosis factor-alpha and disease progression in patients with multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 1991, 325: 467-472.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Al-Omaishi J, Bashir R, Gendelman HE: The cellular immunology of multiple sclerosis. J Leukoc Biol. 1999, 65: 444-452.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Frei K, Fredrikson S, Fontana A, Link H: Interleukin-6 is elevated in plasmain multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 1991, 31: 147-153.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carrieri PB, Provitera V, De Rosa T, Tartaglia G, Gorga F, Perrella O: Profile of cerebrospinal fluid and serum cytokines in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A correlation with clinical activity. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 1998, 20: 373-382.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gajewski TF, Schell SR, Nau G, Fitch FW: Regulation of T-cell activation: differences among T-cell subsets. Immunol Rev. 1989, 111: 79-110.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Murphy KM, Reiner SL: The lineage decisions of helper T cells. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002, 2002: 933-944.
Google Scholar
Imam SA, Guyton MK, Haque A, Vandenbark A, Tyor WR, Ray SK, Banik NL: Increased calpain correlates with Th1 cytokine profile in PBMCs from MS patients. J Neuroimmunol. 2007, 190: 139-145.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Koguchi K, Anderson DE, Yang L, O’Connor KC, Kuchroo VK, Hafler DA: Dysregulated T cell expression of TIM3 in multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med. 2006, 203: 1413-1418.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cannella B, Raine CS: The adhesion molecule and cytokine profile of MS lesions. Ann Neurol. 1995, 37: 424-435.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Navikas V, Link H: Cytokines and the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res. 1996, 45: 322-333.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Sainz Mdel C, Sanchez-Ramon S, de Andres C, Rodriguez-Mahou M, Munoz-Fernandez MA: Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and nitric oxide in cerebrospinal fluid and serum from patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2002, 13: 110-114.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maes M, Twisk FNM, Kubera M, Ringel K: Evidence for inflammation and activation of cell-mediated immunity in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS): increased interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, PMN-elastase, lysozyme and neopteri. J Affect Disord. 2012, 136: 933-939.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Morris G, Maes M: Increased nuclear factor-κB and loss of p53 are key mechanisms in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Med Hypotheses. 2012, 79: 607-613.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maher KJ, Klimas NG, Fletcher MA: Chronic fatigue syndrome is associated with diminished intracellular perforin. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005, 142: 505-511.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Broderick G, Fuite J, Kreitz A, Vernon SD, Klimas N, Fletcher MA: A formal analysis of cytokine networks in chronic fatigue syndrome. Brain Behav Immun. 2010, 24: 1209-1217.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rose JW, Hill KE, Watt HE, Carlson NG: Inflammatory cell expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in the multiple sclerosis lesion. J Neuroimmunol. 2004, 149: 40-49.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carlson NG, Rojas MA, Redd JW, Tang P, Wood B, Hill KE, Rose JW: Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in oligodendrocytes increases sensitivity to excitotoxic death. J Neuroinflammation. 2010, 7: 25.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gveric D, Kaltschmidt C, Cuzner ML, Newcombe J: Transcription factor NF-κB and inhibitor IκBα are localized in macrophages in active multiplesclerosis lesions. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1998, 57: 168-178.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bonetti B, Stegagno C, Cannella B, Rizzuto N, Moretto G, Raine CS: Activation of NF-kappaB and c-jun transcription factors in multiple sclerosis lesions. Implications for oligodendrocyte pathology. Am J Pathol. 1999, 155: 1433-1438.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mattson MP, Camandola S: NF-kappaB in neuronal plasticity and neurodegenerative disorders. J Clin Invest. 2001, 107: 247-254.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Link H, Fredrikson S: HLA-DR expression and neopterin levels as activity markers in multiple sclerosis. Riv Neurol. 1987, 57: 154-158.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Khorami H, Neyestani TR, Kadkhodaee M, Lotfi J: Increased urinary neopterin: creatinine ratio as a marker of activation of cell- mediated immunity and oxidative stress in the Iranian patients with multiple sclerosis. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003, 2: 155-158.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Giovannoni G, Lai M, Kidd D, Thorpe JW, Miller DH, Thompson AJ, Keir G, Feldmann M, Thompson EJ: Daily urinary neopterin excretion as an immunological marker of disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 1997, 120: 1-13.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rejdak K, Leary SM, Petzold A, Thompson AJ, Miller DH, Giovannoni G: Urinary neopterin and nitric oxide metabolites as markers of interferon beta-1a activity in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2010, 16: 1066-1072.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fredrikson S, Link H, Eneroth P: CSF neopterin as marker of disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 1987, 75: 352-355.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Buchwald D, Wener MH, Pearlman T, Kith P: Markers of inflammation and immune activation in chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1997, 24: 372-376.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Matsuda J, Gohchi K, Gotch N: Serum concentrations of 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase, neopterin, and beta-glucan in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and in patients with major depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994, 57: 1015-1016.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chao CC, Gallagher M, Phair J, Peterson PK: Serum neopterin and interleukin-6 levels in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1990, 162: 1412-1413.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chao CC, Janoff EN, Hu SX, Thomas K, Gallagher M, Tsang M, Peterson PK: Altered cytokine release in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures from patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome. Cytokine. 1991, 3: 292-298.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fransson ME, Liljenfeldt LS, Fagius J, Totterman TH, Loskog AS: The T-cell pool is anergized in patients with multiple sclerosis in remission. Immunology. 2009, 126: 92-101.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Saresella M, Marventano I, Longhi R, Lissoni F, Trabattoni D, Mendozzi L, Caputo D, Clerici M: CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + PD1- regulatory T cells in acute and stable relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and their modulation by therapy. FASEB J. 2008, 22: 3500-3508.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Viglietta V, Baecher-Allan C, Weiner HL, Hafler DA: Loss of functional suppression by CD4 + CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med. 2004, 199: 971-979.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ni L, Ma CJ, Zhang Y, Nandakumar S, Zhang CL, Wu XY, Borthwick T, Hamati A, Chen XY, Kumaraguru U, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ: PD-1 modulates regulatory T cells and suppresses T-cell responses in HCV-associated lymphoma. Immunol Cell Biol. 2011, 89: 535-539.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Costantino CM, Baecher-Allan C, Hafler DA: Multiple sclerosis and regulatory T cells. J Clin Immunol. 2008, 28: 697-706.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zozulya AL, Wiendl H: The role of regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2008, 4: 384-398.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Libera DD, Mitri DD, Bergami A, Centonze D, Gasperini C, Grasso MG, Galgani S, Martinelli V, Comi G, Avolio C, Martino G, Borsellino G, Sallusto F, Battistini L, Furlan R: T regulatory cells are markers of disease activity in multiple sclerosis patients. PLoS ONE. 2011, 6: e21386.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
D’Souza M, Fontenot AP, Mack DG, Lozupone C, Dillon S, Meditz A, Wilson CC, Connick E, Palmer BE: Programmed death 1 expression on HIV-specific CD4+ T cells is driven by viral replication and associated with T cell dysfunction. J Immunol. 2007, 179: 1979-1987.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Song SJ, Feng X, Guo JJ, Iu YN, Lun WH, Wei HS, Liu SA: Relationship of CD4+ CD25hi regulatory T (Treg) cells to disease progression in HIV-infected patients. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi. 2009, 23: 361-363.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hofstetter HH, Gold R, Hartung HP: Th17 cells in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Int MS J. 2009, 16: 12-18.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Peelen E, Damoiseaux J, Smolders J, Knippenberg S, Menheere P, Tervaert JW, Hupperts R, Thewissen M: Th17 expansion in MS patients is counterbalanced by an expanded CD39+ regulatory T cell population during remission but not during relapse. J Neuroimmunol. 2011, 240–241: 97-103.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Weissert R: Differential response to treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis with IFN-β: is there a dichotomy into T-helper-1 and −17 driven disease?. Future Neurol. 2010, 5: 481-484.
CAS
Google Scholar
Edwards LJ, Robins RA, Constantinescu CS: Th17/Th1 phenotype in demyelinating disease. Cytokine. 2010, 50: 19-23.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kostic M: Role of Th1 and Th17 immune responces in pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Acta Medica Medianae. 2010, 49: 61-69.
Google Scholar
Ziegler SF, Buckner JH: FOXP3 and the regulation of Treg/Th17 differentiation. Microbes Infect. 2009, 11: 594-598.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhou L, Lopes JE, Chong MM, Ivanov II, Min R, Victora GD, Shen Y, Du J, Rubtsov YP, Rudensky AY, Ziegler SF, Littman DR: TGF-beta-induced Foxp3 inhibits T(H)17 cell differentiation by antagonizing RORgammat function. Nature. 2008, 453: 236-240.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Liu DH, Liu ZD, Li YZ, Zhang HY, Hu CJ, Zhang YB, Whang DX: Expression of lymphocyte subsets and CD25 ~ + regulative T Cells in peripheral blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Labeled Immunoassays and Clinical Medicine. Abstract 2011, 2011–02. http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-BJMY201102012.htm.
Gallo P, Piccinno MG, Pagni S, Argentiero V, Giometto B, Bozza F, Tavolato B: Immune activation in multiple sclerosis: study of IL-2, sIL-2R, and gamma-IFN levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurol Sci. 1989, 92: 9-15.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gallo P, Piccinno MG, Tavolato B, Siden A: A longitudinal study on IL-2, sIL-2R, IL-4 and IFN-gamma in multiple sclerosis CSF and serum. J Neurol Sci. 1991, 101: 227-232.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gallo P, Pagni S, Piccinno MG, Giometto B, Argentiero V, Chiusole M, Bozza F, Tavolato B: On the role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in multiple sclerosis (MS). IL-2-mediated endothelial cell activation. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1992, 13: 65-68.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sharief MK, Hentges R, Ciardi M, Thompson EJ: In vivo relationship of interleukin-2 and soluble IL-2 receptor to blood-brain barrier impairment in patients with active multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 1993, 240: 46-50.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cheney PR, Dorman SE, Bell DS: Interleukin-2 and the chronic fatigue syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1989, 110: 321.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lombardi V, Hagen KS, Hunter KW, Diamond JW, Smith-Gagen J, Yang W, Mikovits JA: Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus-associated chronic fatigue syndrome reveals a distinct inflammatory signature. In Vivo. 2011, 25: 307-314.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Popmihajlov Z, Smith KA: Negative feedback regulation of T cells via interleukin-2 and FOXP3 reciprocity. PLoS ONE. 2008, 3: e1581.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Klimas N, Koneru AO: Chronic fatigue syndrome: inflammation, immune function, and neuroendocrine interactions. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2007, 9: 482-487.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Capelli E, Zola R, Lorusso L, Venturini L, Sardi F, Ricevuti G: Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: an update. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2010, 23: 981-989.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jones JF, Straus SE: Chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection. Annu Rev Med. 1987, 38: 195-209.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Borysiewicz LK, Haworth SJ, Cohen J, Mundin J, Rickinson A, Sissons JG: Epstein-Barr virus - specific immune defects in patients with persistent symptoms following infectious mononucleosis. Q J Med. 1986, 58: 111-121.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Klimas N, Salvato F, Morgan R, Fletcher MA: Immunologic abnormalities in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Microbiol. 1990, 28: 1403-1410.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Behan PO, Behan WHM, Bell EJ: The postviral fatigue syndrome - an analysis of the findings in 50 cases. J Infect. 1985, 10: 211-222.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tobi M, Morag A, Ravid Z, Chowers I, Feldman-Weiss V, Michaeli Y, Ben-Chetrit E, Shalit M, Knobler H: Prolonged atypical illness associated with serological evidence of persistent Epstein-Barr infection. Lancet. 1982, 1: 61-64.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Morimoto C, Torimoto Y, Levinson G, Rudd CE, Schrieber M, Dang NH, Letvin NL, Schlossman SF: 1 F7, a novel cell surface molecule involved in helper function of CD4 cells. J Immunol. 1989, 143: 3430-3439.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nakao H, Eguchi K, Kawakami A, Migita K, Otsubo T, Ueki Y, Shimomura C, Tezuka H, Matsunaga M, Maeda K, et al: Increment of Tal positive cells in peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1989, 16: 904-910.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eguchi K, Ueki Y, Shimomura C, Otsubo T, Nakao H, Migita K, Kawakami A, Matsunaga M, Tezuka H, Ishikawa N: Increment in the Tal + in the peripheral blood and thyroid tissue of patients with Graves’ disease. J Immunol. 1989, 142: 4233-4240.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Preller V, Gerber A, Togni M, Wrenger S, Schraven B, Rocken C, Marguet D, Ansorge S, Brocke S, Reinhold D: CD26/DP IV in T cell activation and autoimmunity. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2006, 575: 187-193.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ishii T, Ohnuma K, Murakami A, Takasawa N, Kobayashi S, Dang NH, Schlossman SF, Morimoto C: CD26-mediated signaling for T cell activation occurs in lipid rafts through its association with CD45RO. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001, 98: 12138-12143.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pacheco R, Lluis C, Franco R: Role of CD26-adenosine deaminase interaction in T cell-mediated immunity. Inmunologia. 2005, 24: 235-245.
Google Scholar
Bengsch B, Seigel B, Flecken T, Wolanksi J, Blum HE, Thimme R: Human Th17 cells express high levels of enzymatically active dipeptidylpeptidase IV (CD26). J Immunol. 2012, 188: 5438-5447.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Krakauer M, Sorenson PS, Sellebjerg F: CD4(+) memory T cells with high CD26 surface expression are enriched for Th1 markers and correlate with clinical severity of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2006, 181: 157-164.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Constantinescu CS, Kamoun M, Dotti M, Farber RE, Galetta SL, Rostami A: A longitudinal study of the T cell activation marker CD26 in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 1995, 130: 178-182.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sellebjerg F, Ross C, Koch-Henriksen N, Sorensen PS, Frederiksen JL, Bendtzen K, Sorensen TL: CD26 + CD4 + T cell counts and attack risk in interferon-treated multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2005, 11: 641-645.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fletcher MA, Zeng XR, Maher K, Levis S, Hurwitz B, Antoni M, Broderick G, Klimas NG: Biomarkers in chronic fatigue syndrome: evaluation of natural killer cell function and dipeptidyl peptidase IV/CD26. PLoS ONE. 2010, 5: e10817.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Martin P, Sanchez-Madrid F: CD69: an unexpected regulator of TH17 cell-driven inflammatory responses. Sci Signal. 2011, 4: pe14.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Perrella O, Carrieri PB, De Mercato R, Buscaino GA: Markers of activated T Lymphocytes and T cell receptor Gamma/Delta + in patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur Neurol. 1993, 33: 152-155.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Huang YM, Hussien Y, Jin YP, Soderstrom M, Link H: Multiple sclerosis: deficient in vitro responses of blood mononuclear cells to IFN-beta. Acta Neurol Scand. 2001, 104: 249-256.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mihaylova I, DeRuyter M, Rummens JL, Bosmans E, Maes M: Decreased expression of CD69 in chronic fatigue syndrome in relation to inflammatory markers: evidence for a severe disorder in the early activation of T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2008, 28: 477-483.
Google Scholar
Zhang C, Zhang J, Tian Z: The regulatory effect of natural killer Cells: do “NK-reg cells” exist?. Cell Mol Immunol. 2006, 3: 241-254.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Benczur M, Petrynyl GG, Palffy G, Varga M, Talas M, Kotsy B, Foldes I, Hollan SR: Dysfunction of natural killer cells in multiple sclerosis: a possible pathogenetic factor. Clin Exp Immunol. 1980, 39: 657-662.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jiang W, Chai NR, Maric D, Bielekova B: Unexpected role for granzyme K in CD56 bright NK cell-mediated immunoregulation of multiple sclerosis. J Immunol. 2011, 187: 781-790.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kastrukoff LF, Lau A, Wee R, Zecchini D, White R, Paty DW: Clinical relapses of multiple sclerosis are associated with ‘novel’ valleys in natural killer cell functional activity. J Neuroimmunol. 2003, 145: 103-114.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Takahashi K, Aranami T, Endoh M, Miyake S, Yamamura T: The regulatory role of natural killer cells in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2004, 127: 1917-1927.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bielekova B, Catalfamo M, Reichert-Scrivner S, Packer A, Cerna M, Waldmann TA, McFarland H, Henkart PA, Martin R: Regulatory CD56 bright natural killer cells mediate immunomodulatory effects of IL-2Ralpha-targeted therapy (daclizumab) in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006, 103: 5941-5946.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Caligiuri M, Murray C, Buchwald D, Levine H, Cheney P, Peterson D, Komaroff AL, Ritz J: Phenotypic and functional deficiency of natural killer cells in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Immunol. 1987, 139: 3306-3313.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Whiteside TL, Friberg D: Natural killer cells and natural killer cell activity in chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J Med. 1998, 105: 27S-34S.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Genc K, Dona DL, Reder AT: Increased CD80(+) B cells in active multiple sclerosis and reversal by interferon beta-1b therapy. J Clin Invest. 1997, 99: 2664-2671.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nijs J, McGregor NR, De Becker P, Verhas M, Englebienne P, De Meirleir K: Monitoring a hypothetical channelopathy in chronic fatigue syndrome: preliminary observations. JCFS. 2003, 11: 117-133.
Google Scholar
Nijs J, Coomans D, Nicolson GL, De Becker P, Christian D, De Meirleir K: Immunophenotyping predictive of mycoplasma infection in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. JCFS. 2003, 11: 51-69.
Google Scholar
Tirelli U, Marotta G, Improta S, Pinto A: Immunological abnormalities in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Scand J Immunol. 1994, 40: 601-608.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Anderton SM, Fillatreau S: Activated B cells in autoimmune diseases: the case for a regulatory role. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2008, 4: 657-666.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barned S, Goodman AD, Mattson DH: Frequency of anti-nuclear antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 1995, 45: 384-385.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fukazawa T, Moriwaka F, Mukai M, Hamada T, Koike T, Tashiro K: Anticardiolipin antibodies in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 1993, 88: 184-189.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
IJdo JW, Conti-Kelly AM, Greco P, Abedi M, Amos M, Provenzale JM, Greco TP: Anti-phospholipid antibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis and MS-like illnesses: MS or APS?. Lupus. 1999, 8: 109-115.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vyshkina T, Kalman B: Autoantibodies and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. Lab Invest. 2008, 88: 796-807.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nordal GJ, Vandvik B: Evidence of local synthesis of smooth-muscle antibodies in the central nervous system in isolated cases of multiple sclerosis and chronic lymphocytic meningoencephalitis. Scand J Immunol. 1977, 6: 327-334.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Arnon R, Crisp E, Kelley R, Ellison GW, Myers LW, Tourtellotte WW: Anti-ganglioside antibodies in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 1980, 46: 179-186.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schott K, Schaefer JE, Richartz E, Batra A, Eusterschulte B, Klein R, Berg PA, Bartels M, Mann K, Buchkremer G: Autoantibodies to serotonin in serum of patients with psychiatric disorders. Psychiatr Res. 2003, 121: 51-57.
CAS
Google Scholar
Hokama Y, Camproa CE, Hara C, Higa N, Siu N, Lau R, Kuribayashi T, Yabusaki K: Acute phase phospholipids related to the cardiolipin of mitochondria in the sera of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), chronic Ciguatera fish poisoning (CCFP), and other diseases attributed to chemicals, Gulf War, and marine toxins. J Clin Lab Anal. 2008, 22: 99-105.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hokama Y, Camproa CE, Hara C, Kuribayashi T, Le Huynh D, Yabusaki K: Anticardiolipin antibodies in the sera of patients with diagnosed chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Lab Anal. 2009, 23: 210-212.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Konstantinov K, von Mikecz A, Buckwalk D, Jones J, Gerace L, Tan EM: Autoantibodies to nuclear envelope antigens in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Invest. 1996, 98: 1888-1896.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Buchwald MD, Wener MH, Komaroff AL: Antineuronal antibody levels in chronic fatigue syndrome patients with neurologic abnormalities. Arthritis Rheum. 1991, 34: 1485-1486.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nishikai M: Antinuclear antibodies in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Nippon Rinsho. 2007, 65: 1067-1070.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bassi N, Amital D, Amital H, Doria A, Shoenfeld Y: Chronic fatigue syndrome: characteristics̃and possible causes for its pathogenesis. Isr Med Assoc J. 2008, 10: 79-82.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Klein R, Berg PA: High incidence of antibodies to 5-hydroxytryptamine, gangliosides and phospholipids in patients with chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia syndrome and their relatives: evidence for a clinical entity of both disorders. Eur J Med Res. 1995, 1: 21-26.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tanaka S, Kuratsune H, Hidaka Y, Hakariya Y, Tatsumi KI, Takano T, Kanakura Y, Amino N: Autoantibodies against muscarinic cholinergic receptor in chronic fatigue syndrome. Int J Mol Med. 2003, 12: 225-230.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Geffard M, Bodet D, Martinet Y, Dabadie MP: Detection of the specific IgM and IgA circulating in sera of multiple sclerosis patients: interest and perspectives. Immunoanalyse Biologie Specialisee. 2002, 17: 302-310.
Google Scholar
Daverat P, Geffard M, Orgogozo JM: Identification and characterization of anti-conjugated azelaic acid antibodies in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 1989, 22: 129-314.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maneta-Peyret L, Daverat P, Geffard M, Cassagne C, Orgogozo JM: Natural seric anti-fatty acid antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Neurosci Lett. 1987, 80: 235-239.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boullerne A, Petry KG, Geffard M: Circulating antibodies directed against conjugated fatty acids in sera of patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 1996, 65: 75-81.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Naidoo R, Knapp ML: Studies of lipid peroxidation products in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in multiple sclerosis and other conditions. Clin Chem. 1992, 38: 2449-2454.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maes M, Mihaylova I, Leunis JC: Increased serum IgM antibodies directed against phosphatidyl inositol (Pi) in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and major depression: evidence that an IgM-mediated immune response against Pi is one factor underpinning the comorbidity between both CFS and depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2007, 28: 861-867.
PubMed
Google Scholar
McFarland HF: The B cell-old player, new position on the team. N Engl J Med. 2008, 2008: 664-665.
Google Scholar
Hauser SL, Waubant E, Arnold DL, Vollmer T, Antel J, Fox RJ, Bar-Or A, Panzara M, Sarkar N, Agarwal S, Langer-Gould A, Smith CH, HERMES Trial Group: B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. New Engl J Med. 2008, 358: 676-688.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Monson NL, Cravens PD, Frohman EM, Hawker K, Racke MK: Effect of rituximab on the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid B cells in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2005, 62: 258-264.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maurer MA, Rakocevic G, Leung CS, Quast I, Lukacisin M, Goebels N, Munz C, Wardemann H, Dalakas M, Lnemann JD: Rituximab induces sustained reduction of pathogenic B cells in patients with peripheral nervous system autoimmunity. J Clin Invest. 2012, 122: 1393-1402.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cross AH, Stark JL, Lauber J, Ramsbottom MJ, Lyons JA: Rituximab reduces B cells and T cells in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol. 2006, 180: 63-70.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bar-Or A, Fawaz L, Fan B, Darlington PJ, Rieger A, Ghorayeb C, Calabresi PA, Waubant E, Hauser SL, Zhang J, Smith CH: Abnormal B-cell cytokine responses a trigger of T-cell-mediated disease in MS?. Ann Neurol. 2010, 67: 452-461.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reichardt P, Dornbach B, Rong S, Beissert S, Gueler F, Loser K, Gunzer M: Naive B cells generate regulatory T cells in the presence of a mature immunologic synapse. Blood. 2007, 110: 1519-1529.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Petereit HF, Moeller-Hartmann W, Reske D, Rubbert A: Rituximab in a patient with multiple sclerosis-effect on B cells, plasma cells and intrathecal IgG synthesis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008, 117: 399-403.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fluge O, Bruland O, Risa K, Storstein A, Kristoffersen EK, Sapkota D, Næss H, Dahl O, Nyland H, Mella O: Benefit from B-lymphocyte depletion using the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab in chronic fatigue syndrome: a double-blind and placebo-controlled study. PLoS ONE. 2011, 6: e26358.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Emery P, Fleischmann R, Filipowicz-Sosnowska A, Schechtman J, Szczepanski L, Kavanaugh A, Racewicz AJ, van Vollenhoven RF, Li NF, Agarwal S, Hessey EW, Shaw TM, DANCER Study Group: The efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate treatment: results of a phase IIB randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 1390-1400.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eisenberg R: Update on rituximab. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005, 64: iv55-iv57.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gurcan HM, Keskin DB, Stern JN, Nitzberg MA, Shekhani H, Ahmed AR: A review of the current use of rituximab in autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol. 2009, 9: 10-25.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Edwards JC, Szczepanski L, Szechinski J, Filipowicz-Sosnowska A, Emery P, Close DR, Stevens RM, Shaw T: Efficacy of B-cell-targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2004, 350: 2572-2581.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cohen SB, Emery P, Greenwald MW, Dougados M, Furie RA, Genovese MC, Keystone EC, Loveless JE, Burmester GR, Cravets MW, Hessey EW, Shaw T, Totoritis MC, REFLEX Trial Group: Rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial evaluating primary efficacy and safety at twenty-four weeks. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 2793-2806.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tokunaga M, Saito K, Kawabata D, Imura Y, Fujii T, Nakayamada S, Tsujimura S, Nawata M, Iwata S, Azuma T, Mimori T, Tanaka Y: Efficacy of rituximab (anti-CD20) for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus involving the central nervous system. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007, 66: 470-475.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Devauchelle-Pensec V, Pennec Y, Morvan J, Pers JO, Daridon C, Jousse-Joulin S, Roudaut A, Jamin C, Renaudineau Y, Roue IQ, Cochener B, Youinou P, Saraux A: Improvement of Sjogren’s syndrome after two infusions of rituximab (anti-CD20). Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 57: 310317.
Google Scholar
Ireland S, Monson N: Potential impact of B cells on T cell function in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Int. 2011, 2011: 423971.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
van de Veerdonk FL, Lauwerys B, Marijnissen RJ, Timmermans K, Di Padova F, Koenders MI, Gutierrez-Roelens I, Durez P, Netea MG, van der Meer JW, van den Berg WB, Joosten LA: The anti-CD20 antibody rituximab reduces the Th17 cell response. Arthritis Rheum. 2011, 63: 1507-1516.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lederer JA, Liou JS, Kim S, Rice N, Lichtman AH: Regulation of NF-kappa B activation in T helper 1 and T helper 2 cells. J Immunol. 1996, 156: 56-63.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jazirehi AR, Huerta-Yepez S, Cheng G, Bonavida B: Rituximab (chimericanti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) inhibits the constitutive nuclear factor-{kappa}B signaling pathway in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma B-cell lines: role in sensitization to chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res. 2005, 65: 264-276.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bonavida B: Rituximab-induced inhibition of antiapoptotic cell survival pathways: implications in chemo/immunoresistance, rituximab unresponsiveness, prognostic and novel therapeutic interventions. Oncogene. 2007, 26: 3629-3636.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vigna-Perez M, Hernandez-Castro B, Paredes-Saharopulos O, Portales-Perez D, Baranda L, Abud-Mendoza C, Gonzalez-Amaro R: Clinical and immunological effects of rituximab in patients with lupus nephritis refractory to conventional therapy: a pilot study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R83.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Vigna-Perez M, Abud-Mendoza C, Cuevas-Orta E, Baranda L, Paredes-Saharopulos O, Moreno R, Gonzalez-Amaro R: In vivo effect of rituximab on regulatory T cells and apoptosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Immunologia. 2006, 25: 167-172.
Google Scholar
Tavazzi B, Batocchi AP, Amorini AM, Nociti V, D’Urso S, Longo S, Gullotta S, Picardi M, Lazzarino G: Serum metabolic profile in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler Int. 2011, 2011: 167156.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Amorini AM, Petzold A, Tavazzi B, Eikelenboom J, Keir G, Belli A, Giovannoni G, Di Pietro V, Polman C, D’Urso S, Vagnozzi R, Uitdehaag B, Lazzarino G: Increase of uric acid and purine compounds in biological fluids of multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Biochem. 2009, 42: 1001-1006.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Amorini M, Lazzarino G, Galvano F, Fazzina G, Tavazzi B, Galvano G: Cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside protects myocardium and erythrocytes from oxygen radical-mediated damages. Free Radic Res. 2003, 37: 453-460.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Signoretti S, Di Pietro V, Vagnozzi R, Lazzarino G, Amorini AM, Belli A, D’Urso S, Tavazzi B: Transient alterations of creatine, creatine phosphate, N-acetylaspartate and high-energy phosphates after mild traumatic brain injury in the rat. Mol Cell Biochem. 2010, 333: 269-277.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lazzarino G, Amorini AM, Eikelenboom MJ, Killestein J, Belli A, Di Pietro V, Tavazzi B, Barkhof F, Polman CH, Uitdehaag BM, Petzold A: Cerebrospinal fluid ATP metabolites in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2010, 16: 549-554.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lassman H, van Horssen J: The molecular basis of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. FEBS Lett. 2011, 585: 3715-3723.
Google Scholar
Lu F, Selak M, O’Connor J, Croul S, Lorenzana C, Butunoi C, Kalman B: Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA and activity of mitochondrial enzymes in chronic active lesions of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2000, 177: 95-103.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mahad D, Ziabreva I, Lassmann H, Turnbull D: Mitochondrial defects in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain. 2008, 131: 1722-1735.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mahad D, Ziabreva I, Campbell G, Lax N, White K, Hanson PS, Lassmann H, Turnbull DM: Mitochondrial changes within axons in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2009, 132: 1161-1174.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Campbell GR, Ziabreva I, Reeve AK, Krishnan KJ, Reynolds R, Howell O, Lassmann H, Turnbull DM, Mahad DJ: Mitochondrial DNA deletions and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2011, 69: 481-492.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Higgins GC, Beart PM, Shin YS, Chen MJ, Cheung NS, Nagley P: Oxidative stress: emerging mitochondrial and cellular themes and variations in neuronal injury. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010, 20: S453-S473.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mao P, Reddy H: Is multiple sclerosis a mitochondrial disease?. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010, 1802: 66-79.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
van Horssen J, Witte ME, Schreibelt G, de Vries HE: Radical changes in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. Biochem Biophys Acta. 2011, 1812: 141-150.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Behan WM, More IA, Behan PO: Mitochondrial abnormalities in the postviral fatigue syndrome. Acta Neuropathol. 1991, 83: 61-65.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Plioplys AV, Plioplys S: Electron-microscopic investigation of muscle mitochondria in chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuropsychobiology. 1995, 32: 175-181.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lane RJ, Barrett MC, Taylor DJ, Kemp GJ, Lodi R: Heterogeneity in chronic fatigue syndrome: evidence from magnetic resonance spectroscopy of muscle. Neuromuscul Disord. 1998, 8: 204-209.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Myhill S, Booth NE, McLaren-Howard J: Chronic fatigue syndrome and mitochondrial dysfunction. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2009, 2: 1-16.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Vermeulen RCW, Kurt RM, Visser FC, Sluiter W, Scholte HR: Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome performed worse than controls in a controlled repeated exercise study despite a normal oxidative phosphorylation capacity. J Transl Med. 2010, 8: 93.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Arnold DL, Bore PJ, Radda GK, Styles P, Taylor DJ: Excessive intracellular acidosis of skeletal muscle on exercise in a patient with a post-viral exhaustion/fatigue syndrome. Lancet. 1984, 1: 1367-1369.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lane RJM, Barrett MC, Woodrow D, Moss J, Fletcher R, Archard LC: Muscle fibre characteristics and lactate responses to exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998, 64: 362-367.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Allen DG, Lamb GD, Westerbland H: Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanisms. Physiol Rev. 2008, 88: 287-332.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wong R, Lopaschuk G, Zhu G, Walker D, Catellier D, Burton D, Teo K, Collins-Nakai R, Montague T: Skeletal muscle metabolism in the chronic fatigue syndrome. In vivo assessment by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chest. 1992, 102: 1716-1722.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mathew SJ, Mao X, Keegan KA, Levine SM, Smith EL, Heier LA, Otcheretko V, Coplan JD, Shungu DC: Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid lactate is increased in chronic fatigue syndrome compared with generalized anxiety disorder: an in vivo 3.0 T (1)H MRS imaging study. NMR Biomed. 2009, 22: 251-258.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Murrough JW, Mao X, Collins KA, Kelly C, Andrade G, Nestadt P, Levine SM, Mathew SJ, Shungu DC: Increased ventricular lactate in chronic fatigue syndrome measured by 1H MRS imaging at 3.0 T. II: comparison with major depressive disorder. NMR Biomed. 2010, 23: 643-650.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pozzilli C, Passafiume D, Bernardi S, Incoccia C, Bastianello S, Bozzao L, Lenzi GL, Fleschi C: SPECT, MRI and cognitive functions in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991, 54: 110-115.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Adhya S, Johnson G, Herbert J, Jaggi H, Babb JS, Grossman RI, Inglese M: Pattern of hemodynamic impairment in multiple sclerosis: dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MR imaging at 3.0 T. Neuroimage. 2006, 33: 1029-1035.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Brooks DJ, Leenders KL, Head G, Marshall J, Legg NJ, Jones T: Studies on regional cerebral oxygen utilisation and cognitive function in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984, 47: 1182-1191.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Raschid W, Parkes LM, Ingle GT, Chard DT, Toosy AT, Altmann DR, Symms MR, Tofts PS, Thompson AJ, Miller DH: Abnormalities of cerebral perfusion in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004, 75: 1288-1293.
Google Scholar
Costa DC, Tannock C, Brostoff J: Brainstem perfusion is impaired in chronic fatigue syndrome. QJM. 1995, 88: 767-773.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fischler B, D’Haenen H, Cluydts R, Michiels V, Demets K, Bossuyt A, Kaufman L, De Meirleir K: Comparison of 99m Tc HMPAO SPECT scan between chronic fatigue syndrome, major depression and healthy controls: an exploratory study of clinical correlates of regional cerebral blood flow. Neuropsychobiol. 1996, 34: 175-183.
CAS
Google Scholar
Schwartz RB, Garada BM, Komaroff AL, Tice HM, Gleit M, Jolesz FA, Holman BL: Detection of intracranial abnormalities in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: comparison of MR imaging and SPECT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994, 162: 935-941.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ichise M, Salit IE, Abbey SE, Chung DG, Gray B, Kirsh JC, Freedman M: Assessment of regional cerebral perfusion by 99Tcm-HMPAO SPECT in chronic fatigue syndrome. Nucl Med Commun. 1992, 13: 767-772.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tirelli U, Chierichetti F, Tavio M, Simonelli C, Bianchin G, Zanco P, Ferlin G: Brain positron emission tomography (PET) in chronic fatigue syndrome: preliminary data. Am J Med. 1998, 105: 54S-58S.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Il’ves AG, Prakhova LN, Kataeva GV, Rudas MS, Tomolian NA, Skoromets AA, Stoliarov ID: Changes of cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with multiple sclerosis and their role in formation of the clinical picture and progression of the disease. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im SS Korsakova. 2003, 2: 53-60.
Google Scholar
Roelcke U, Kappos L, Lechner-Scott J, Brunnschweiler H, Huber S, Ammann W, Plohmann A, Dellas S, Maguire RP, Missimer J, Radu EW, Steck A, Leenders KL: Reduced glucose metabolism in the frontal cortex and basal ganglia of multiple sclerosis patients with fatigue A 18F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography study. Neurology. 1997, 48: 1566-1571.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Paulasu E, Perani D, Fazio F, Comi G, Pozzilli C, Martinelli V, Filippi M, Bettinardi V, Sirabian G, Passafiume D, Anzini A, Lenzi GL, Canal N, Fieschi C: Functional basis of memory impairment in multiple sclerosis: a [18F]FDG PET study. Neuroimage. 1996, 4: 87-96.
Google Scholar
Siessmeier T, Nix W, Hardt J, Schreckenberger M, Egle U, Bartenstein P: Observer independent analysis of cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003, 74: 922-928.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Neema M, Stankiewicz J, Arora A, Guss ZD, Bakshi R: MRI in multiple sclerosis: what’s inside the toolbox?. Neurotherapeutics. 2007, 4: 602-617.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kohler SJ, Yen Y, Wolber J, Chen AP, Albers MJ, Bok R, Zhang V, Tropp J, Nelson S, Vigneron DB, Kurhanewicz J, Hurd RE: In vivo 13 carbon metabolic imaging at 3T with hyperpolarized 13C-1-pyruvate. Magn Reson Med. 2007, 58: 65-69.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dousset V, Brochet B, Deloire MS, Lagoarde L, Barroso B, Caille JM, Petry KG: MR imaging of relapsing multiple sclerosis patients using ultra-small-particle iron oxide and compared with gadolinium. Am J Neuroradiol. 2006, 27: 1000-1005.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen JW, Querol Sans M, Bogdanov A, Weissleder R: Imaging of myeloperoxidase in mice by using novel amplifiable paramagnetic substrates. Radiology. 2006, 240: 473-481.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bakshi R, Dmochowski J, Shaikh ZA, Jacobs L: Gray matter T2 hypointensity is related to plaques and atrophy in the brains of multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol Sci. 2001, 185: 19-26.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Laule C, Vavasour IM, Kolind SH, Traboulsee AL, Moore GR, Li DK, Mackay AL: Long T2 water in multiple sclerosis: what else can we learn from multi-echo T2 relaxation?. J Neurol. 2007, 254: 1579-1587.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bo L, Geurts JJ, Mork SJ, van der Valk P: Grey matter pathology in multiplesclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2006, 183: 48-50.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Miller DH, Soon D, Fernando KT, MacManus DG, Barker GJ, Yousry TA, Fisher E, O’Connor PW, Phillips JT, Polman CH, Kappos L, Hutchinson M, Havrdova E, Lublin FD, Giovannoni G, Wajgt A, Rudick R, Lynn F, Panzara MA, Sandrock AW, AFFIRM Investigators: MRI outcomes in a placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab in relapsing MS. Neurology. 2007, 68: 1390-1401.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Horakova D, Kalincik T, Dusankova JB, Dolezal O: Clinical correlates of grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol. 2012, 12: 10.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Prinster A, Quarantelli M, Orefice G, Lanzillo R, Brunetti A, Mollica C, Salvatore E, Morra VB, Coppola G, Vacca G, Alfano B, Salvatore M: Grey matter loss in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a voxel-based morphometry study. Neuroimage. 2006, 29: 859-867.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Morgen K, Sammer G, Courtney SM, Wolters T, Melchior H, Blecker CR, Oschmann P, Kaps M, Vaitl D: Evidence for a direct association between cortical atrophy and cognitive impairment in relapsing-remitting MS. Neuroimage. 2005, 30: 891-898.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Okada T, Tanak M, Kuratsune H, Watanabe Y, Sadato N: Mechanisms underlying fatigue: a voxel-based morphometric study of chronic fatigue syndrome. BMC Neurol. 2004, 4: 14.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Barnden LR, Crouch B, Kwiatek R, Burnet R, Mernone A, Chryssidis S, Scroop G, Del Fante P: A brain MRI study of chronic fatigue syndrome: evidence of brainstem dysfunction and altered homeostasis. NMR Biomed. 2011, 24: 1302-1312.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Puri BK, Jakeman PM, Agour M, Gunatilake KD, Fernando KA, Gurusinghe AI, Treasaden IH, Waldman AD, Gishen P: Regional grey and white matter volumetric changes in myalgic encephalomyelitis (chronic fatigue syndrome): a voxel-based morphometry 3-T MRI study. Br J Radiol. 2011, 85: e270-e273.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Natelson BH, Cohen JM, Brassloff I, Lee HJ: A controlled study of brain magnetic resonance imaging in patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome. J Neurol Sci. 1993, 120: 213-217.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lange G, DeLuca J, Maldjian JA, Lee H, Tiersky LA, Natelson BH: Brain MRI abnormalities exist in a subset of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Neurol Sci. 2005, 171: 3-7.
Google Scholar
Matthews PM, Francis G, Antel J, Arnold DL: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for metabolic characterization of plaques in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 1991, 41: 1251-1256.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Butteriss DJA, Ismail A, Ellison DW, Birchall D: Use of serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to differentiate low grade glioma from tumefactive plaque in a patient with multiple sclerosis. BJR. 2003, 76: 662-665.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hattingen E, Magerkurth J, Pilatus U, Hubers A, Wahl M, Ziemann U: Combined (1)H and (31)P spectroscopy provides new insights into the pathobiochemistry of brain damage in multiple sclerosis. NMR Biomed. 2011, 24: 536-546.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Inglese M, Liu S, Babb JS, Mannon LJ, Grossman RI, Gonen O: Three-dimensional proton spectroscopy of deep gray matter nuclei in relapsing-remitting MS. Neurology. 2004, 63: 170-172.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gustafsson MC, Dahlqvist O, Jaworski J, Lundberg P, Landtblom AM: Low choline concentrations in normal-appearing white matter of patients with multiple sclerosis and normal MR imaging brain scans. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007, 28: 1306-1312.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Richards TL: Proton MR spectroscopy in multiple sclerosis: value in establishing diagnosis, monitoring progression, and evaluating therapy. Am J Roentgenol. 1991, 157: 1073-1078.
CAS
Google Scholar
Davie CA, Hawkins CP, Barker GJ, Brennan A, Tofts PS, Miller DH, McDonald WI: Serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain. 1994, 117: 49-58.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Simone IL, Federico F, Trojano M, Tortorella C, Liguori M, Giannini P, Picciola E, Natile G, Livrea P: High resolution proton MR spectroscopy of cerebrospinal fluid in MS patients. Comparison with biochemical changes in demyelinating plaques. J Neurol Sci. 1996, 144: 182-190.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brooks JC, Roberts N, Whitehouse G, Majeed T: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and morphometry of the hippocampus in chronic fatigue syndrome. Br J Radiol. 2000, 73: 1206-1208.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chaudhuri A, Condon B, Gow J, Brennan D, Hadley D: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of basal ganglia in chronic fatigue syndrome. Brain Imaging. 2003, 14: 225-228.
CAS
Google Scholar
Puri BK, Counsell SJ, Zaman R, Main J, Collins AG, Hajnal JV, Davey NJ: Relative increase in choline in the occipital cortex in chronic fatigue syndrome. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2002, 106: 224-226.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tomoda A, Miike T, Yamada E, Honda H, Moroi T, Ogawa M, Ohtani Y, Morishita S: Chronic fatigue syndrome in childhood. Brain Dev. 2001, 22: 60-64.
Google Scholar
Sharma KR, Kent-Braun J, Mynhier MA, Weiner MW, Miller RG: Evidence of an abnormal intramuscular component of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Muscle Nerve. 1995, 18: 1403-1411.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Steens A, de Vries A, Hemmen J, Heersema T, Heerings M, Maurits N, Zijdewind I: Fatigue perceived by multiple sclerosis patients is associated with muscle fatigue. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2012, 26: 48-57.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Flachenecker P, Bihler I, Weber F, Gottschalk M, Toyka KV, Rieckmann P: Cytokine mRNA expression in patients with multiple sclerosis and fatigue. Mult Scler. 2004, 10: 165-169.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goebel MU, Baase J, Pithan V, Exton M, Saller B, Schedlowski M, Limmroth V: Acute interferon beta-1b administration alters hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, plasma cytokines and leukocyte distribution in healthy subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 2002, 27: 881-892.
CAS
Google Scholar
Hautecoeur P, Forzy G, Gallois P, Demirbilek V, Feugas O: Variations of IL2, IL6, TNF alpha plasmatic levels in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Belg. 1997, 97: 240-243.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pokryszko-Dragan A, Frydecka I, Kosmaczewska A, Ciszak L, Bilinska M, Gruszka E, Podemski R, Frydecka D: Stimulated peripheral production of interferon-gamma is related to fatigue and depression in multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2012, 114: 1153-1158.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Heesen C, Nawrath L, Reich C, Bauer N, Schulz KH, Gold SM: Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: an example of cytokine mediated sickness behaviour?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006, 77: 34-39.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sharma KR, Kent-Braun J, Mynhier MA, Weiner MW, Miller RG: Evidence of an abnormal intramuscular coponet of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Muscle Nerve. 2009, 18: 1403-1411.
Google Scholar
Konecny L, Pospisil P, Dufek M, Drlikova L, Anbais FH, Erajhi AA, Dobsak P, Vank P, Siegelova J: Functional impairment in multiple sclerosis. Scripta Medica (BRNO). 2007, 80: 225-232.
Google Scholar
Lenman AJ, Tulley FM, Vrbova G, Dimitrijevic MR, Towle JA: Muscle fatigue in some neurological disorders. Muscle Nerve. 1989, 12: 938-942.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kent-Braun JA, Sharma KR, Miller RG, Weiner MW: Postexercise phosphocreatine resynthesis is slowed in multiple sclerosis. Muscle Nerve. 1994, 17: 835-841.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kent-Braun JA, Ng AV, Castro M, Weiner MW, Gelinas D, Dudley GA, Miller RG: Strength, skeletal muscle composition, and enzyme activity in multiple sclerosis. J Appl Physiol. 1997, 83: 1998-2004.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Petajan JH, White AT: Motor-evoked potentials in response to fatiguing grip exercise in multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurophysiol. 2000, 111: 2188-2195.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leocani L, Rovaris M, Boneschi FM, Medaglini S, Rossi P, Martinelli V, Amadio S, Comi G: Multimodal evoked potentials to assess the evolution of multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006, 77: 1030-1035.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Di Lazzaro V, Oliviero A, Profice P, Ferrara L, Saturno E, Pilato F, Tonali P: The diagnostic value of motor evoked potentials. Clin Neurophysiol. 1999, 110: 1297-1307.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Colombo B, Martinelli Boneschi F, Rossi P, Rovaris M, Maderna L, Filippi M, Comi G: MRI And motor evoked potential findings in nondisabled multiple sclerosis with and without fatigue. J Neurol. 2000, 247: 506-509.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zeller D, Aufm Kampe K, Biller A, Stefan K, Gentner R, Schutz A, Bartsch A, Bendszus M, Toyka KV, Rieckmann P, Classen J: Rapid-onset central motor plasticity in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2010, 74: 728-735.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ng AV, Miller RG, Gelinas D, Kent-Braun JA: Functional relationships of central and peripheral muscle alterations in multiple sclerosis. Muscle Nerve. 2004, 29: 843-852.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kuspinar A, Andersen RE, Teng SY, Asano M, Mayo NE: Predicting exercise capacity through submaximal fitness tests in persons with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010, 91: 1410-1417.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Savci S, Inal-Ince D, Arikan H, Guclu-Gunduz A, Cetisli-Korkmaz N, Armutlu K, Karabudak R: Six-minute walk distance as a measure of functional exercise capacity in multiple sclerosis. Disabil Rehabil. 2005, 27: 1365-1371.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bakshi R, Miletich RS, Kinkel PR, Emmet ML, Kinkel WR: High-resolution fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography shows both global and regional cerebral hypometabolism in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimaging. 1998, 8: 228-234.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bakshi R, Shaikh ZA, Miletich RS, Czarnecki D, Dmochowski J, Henschel K, Janardhan V, Dubey N, Kinkel PR: Fatigue in multiple sclerosis and its relationship to depression and neurologic disability. Mult Scler. 2000, 6: 181-185.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Blinkenberg M, Rune K, Jensen CV, Ravnborg M, Kyllingsbaek S, Holm S, Paulson OB, Sorensen PS: Cortical cerebral metabolism correlates with MRI lesion load and cognitive dysfunction in MS. Neurology. 2000, 54: 558-564.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Murai H, Kiyosawa M, Suzuki Y, Mizoguchi S, Ishii K, Ishikawa K, Akashi T: A case of multiple sclerosis with homonymous hemianopia examined by positron emission tomography. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2004, 48: 591-593.
PubMed
Google Scholar
De Keyser J, Steen C, Mosert JP, Koch MW: Hypoperfusion of the cerebral white matter in multiple sclerosis: possible mechanisms and pathophysiological significance. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol. 2008, 28: 1645-1651.
CAS
Google Scholar
Zamboni P, Menegatti E, Weinstock-Guttman B, Dwyer MG, Schirda CV, Malagoni AM, Hojnacki D, Kennedy C, Carl E, Bergsland N, Magnano C, Bartolomei I, Salvi F, Zivadinov R: Hypoperfusion of brain parenchyma is associated with the severity of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional preliminary report. BMC Med. 2011, 9: 22.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tang PPZ, White AT, Topaz S, Petajan JH: Abstract. Muscle energy metabolism in multiple sclerosis measured by in vivo 31P Mrs 476. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997, 29: 83.
Google Scholar
Hu J, Xu Y, Jiang Q, Sehgal V, Shen Y, Xuan Y, Xia Y: Spectral pattern of total creatine and trimethyl ammonium in multiple sclerosis. Magn Reson Imaging. 2004, 22: 427-429.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Inglese M, Park SJ, Johnson G, Babb JS, Miles L, Jaggi H, Herbert J, Grossman RI: Deep gray matter perfusion in multiple sclerosis: dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T. Arch Neurol. 2007, 64: 196-202.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sacco P, Hope PA, Thickbroom GW, Byrnes ML, Mastaglia FL: Corticomotor excitability and perception of effort during sustained exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 1999, 110: 1883-1891.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Samii A, Wassermann E, Ikoma K, Mercuri B, George MS, O’Fallon A, Dale JK, Straus SE, Hallett M: Decreased postexercise facilitation of motor evoked potentials with chronic fatigue or depression. Neurology. 1996, 47: 1410-1414.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Samii A, Wassermann EM, Ikoma K, Mercuri B, Hallett M: Characterization of postexercise facilitation and depression of motor evoked potentials to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology. 1996, 46: 1376-1382.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Starr A, Scalise A, Gordon R, Michalewski H, Caramia M: Motor excitability in chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2000, 111: 2025-2031.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chaudhuri A, Behan P: Fatigue and basal ganglia. J Neurol Sci. 2000, 179: 34-42.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chaudhuri A, Behan P: Neurological dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome. JCFS. 2000, 6: 51-68.
Google Scholar
Schillings ML, Kalkman JS, van der Werf SP, van Engelen BG, Bleijenberg G, Zwartz MJ: Diminished central activation during maximal voluntary contraction in chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2004, 115: 2518-2524.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kent-Braun JA, Sharma KR, Weiner MW, Massie B, Miller RG: Central basis of muscle fatigue in chronic fatigue syndrome. Neurology. 1993, 43: 125-131.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Newham DJ, Davies JM, Mayston MJ: Voluntary force generation and activation in the knee muscles of stroke patients with mild spastic hemiparesis. J Physiol. 1995, 483: 128.
Google Scholar
Kent-Braun JA, Miller RG: Central fatigue during isometric exercise in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve. 2000, 2000: 909-914.
Google Scholar
Davey NJ, Puri BK, Nowicky AV, Main J, Zaman R: Voluntary motor function in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2001, 50: 17-20.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Davey NJ, Puri BK, Catley M, Main J, Nowicky AV, Zaman R: Deficit in motor performance correlates with changed corticospinal excitability in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Int J Clin Pract. 2003, 57: 262-264.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Araque A: Astrocyte-neuron signaling in the brain-implications for disease. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2006, 7: 619-624.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chvatal A, Anderov M, Neprasova H, Prajerova I, Benesova J, Butenko O, Verkhratsky A: Pathological potential of astroglia. Physiol Res. 2008, 57: S101-S110.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yoshiuchi K, Farkas J, Natelson BH: Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome have reduced absolute cortical blood flow. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2006, 26: 83-86.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Unger ER, Miller AH, Jones JF, Drake DF, Tian H, Pagnoni G: Decreased basal ganglia activation in chronic fatigue syndrome subjects is associated with increased fatigue. FASEB J. 2012, 26: 1035.20.
Google Scholar
Comments
View archived comments (3)