Reaven GM: Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes. 1988, 37: 1595-1607. 10.2337/diabetes.37.12.1595.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ: Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med. 1998, 15: 539-553. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Balkau B, Charles MA: Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Diabet Med. 1999, 16: 442-443.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001, 285: 2486-2497. 10.1001/jama.285.19.2486.
Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J: The metabolic syndrome--a new worldwide definition. Lancet. 2005, 366: 1059-1062. 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67402-8.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Cleeman JI, Smith SC, Lenfant C: Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004, 24: e13-e18.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, Fruchart JC, James WP, Loria CM, Smith SC, International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, American Heart Association, World Heart Federation, International Atherosclerosis Society, International Association for the Study of Obesity: Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009, 120: 1640-1645. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cameron AJ, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ: The metabolic syndrome: prevalence in worldwide populations. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2004, 33: 351-75. 10.1016/j.ecl.2004.03.005. table
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, Lindstrom RC, Steig AJ, Stob NR, Van Pelt RE, Wang H, Eckel RH: The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008, 29: 777-822. 10.1210/er.2008-0024.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hollman G, Kristenson M: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its risk factors in a middle-aged Swedish population--mainly a function of overweight?. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2008, 7: 21-26. 10.1016/j.ejcnurse.2007.05.003.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hillier TA, Fagot-Campagna A, Eschwege E, Vol S, Cailleau M, Balkau B: Weight change and changes in the metabolic syndrome as the French population moves towards overweight: the D.E.S.I.R. cohort. Int J Epidemiol. 2006, 35: 190-196.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
do Carmo I, Dos Santos O, Camolas J, Vieira J, Carreira M, Medina L, Reis L, Myatt J, Galvão-Teles A: Overweight and obesity in Portugal: national prevalence in 2003-2005. Obes Rev. 2008, 9: 11-19.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ervin RB: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults 20 years of age and over, by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and body mass index: United States, 2003-2006. Natl Health Stat Report. 2009, 13: 1-7.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ford ES, Li C, Zhao G: Prevalence and correlates of metabolic syndrome based on a harmonious definition among adults in the US. J Diabetes. 2010, 2: 180-193. 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2010.00078.x.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Athyros VG, Ganotakis ES, Tziomalos K, Papageorgiou AA, Anagnostis P, Griva T, Kargiotis K, Mitsiou EK, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP: Comparison of four definitions of the metabolic syndrome in a Greek (Mediterranean) population. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010, 26: 713-719. 10.1185/03007991003590597.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Harzallah F, Alberti H, Ben KF: The metabolic syndrome in an Arab population: a first look at the new International Diabetes Federation criteria. Diabet Med. 2006, 23: 441-444. 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01866.x.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sharifi F, Mousavinasab SN, Saeini M, Dinmohammadi M: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an adult urban population of the west of Iran. Exp Diabetes Res. 2009, 2009: 136501.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Timoteo A, Santos R, Lima S, Mamede A, Fernandes R, Ferreira R: Does the new International Diabetes Federation definition of metabolic syndrome improve prediction of coronary artery disease and carotid intima-media thickening?. Rev Port Cardiol. 2009, 28: 173-181.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ma WY, Li HY, Hung CS, Lin MS, Chiu FC, Lin CH, Shih SR, Chuang LM, Wei JN: Metabolic syndrome defined by IDF and AHA/NHLBI correlates better to carotid intima-media thickness than that defined by NCEP ATP III and WHO. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009, 85: 335-341. 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.06.020.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zabetian A, Hadaegh F, Azizi F: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Iranian adult population, concordance between the IDF with the ATPIII and the WHO definitions. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007, 77: 251-257. 10.1016/j.diabres.2006.12.001.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Azizi F, Salehi P, Etemadi A, Zahedi-Asl S: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an urban population: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003, 61: 29-37. 10.1016/S0168-8227(03)00066-4.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fiuza M, Cortez-Dias N, Martins S, Belo A: Metabolic syndrome in Portugal: prevalence and implications for cardiovascular risk--results from the VALSIM Study. Rev Port Cardiol. 2008, 27: 1495-1529.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Csaszar A, Kekes E, Abel T, Papp R, Kiss I, Balogh S: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome estimated by International Diabetes Federation criteria in a Hungarian population. Blood Press. 2006, 15: 101-106. 10.1080/08037050600772284.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Deepa M, Farooq S, Datta M, Deepa R, Mohan V: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome using WHO, ATPIII and IDF definitions in Asian Indians: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-34). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2007, 23: 127-134. 10.1002/dmrr.658.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aguilar-Salinas CA, Rojas R, Gomez-Perez FJ, Valles V, Rios-Torres JM, Franco A, Olaiz G, Rull JA, Sepulveda J: High prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Mexico. Arch Med Res. 2004, 35: 76-81. 10.1016/j.arcmed.2003.06.006.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cameron AJ, Magliano DJ, Zimmet PZ, Welborn T, Shaw JE: The metabolic syndrome in Australia: prevalence using four definitions. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007, 77: 471-478. 10.1016/j.diabres.2007.02.002.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Misra A, Khurana L: Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008, 93: S9-30. 10.1210/jc.2008-1595.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Papavassiliou AG, Kandarakis SA, Chrousos GP: Pathophysiology and types of dyslipidemia in PCOS. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2007, 18: 280-285. 10.1016/j.tem.2007.07.004.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Giugliano D, Ceriello A, Esposito K: The effects of diet on inflammation: emphasis on the metabolic syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 48: 677-685. 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.052.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reaven GM: Insulin resistance and its consequences. Diabetes Mellitus: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. Edited by: LeRoith D, Taylor S, Olefasky JM. 2004, Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams, 899-915.
Google Scholar
Zhu S, Wang Z, Heshka S, Heo M, Faith MS, Heymsfield SB: Waist circumference and obesity-associated risk factors among whites in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: clinical action thresholds. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002, 76: 743-749.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Forsén B, Lahti K, Nissén M, Taskinen MR, Groop L: Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2001, 24: 683-689. 10.2337/diacare.24.4.683.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hu G, Qiao Q, Tuomilehto J, Balkau B, Borch-Johnsen K, Pyorala K: Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in nondiabetic European men and women. Arch Intern Med. 2004, 164: 1066-1076. 10.1001/archinte.164.10.1066.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alexander CM, Landsman PB, Teutsch SM, Haffner SM: NCEP-defined metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and prevalence of coronary heart disease among NHANES III participants age 50 years and older. Diabetes. 2003, 52: 1210-1214. 10.2337/diabetes.52.5.1210.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ford ES: The metabolic syndrome and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all-causes: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II Mortality Study. Atherosclerosis. 2004, 173: 309-314.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McNeill AM, Rosamond WD, Girman CJ, Golden SH, Schmidt MI, East HE, Ballantyne CM, Heiss G: The metabolic syndrome and 11-year risk of incident cardiovascular disease in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Diabetes Care. 2005, 28: 385-390. 10.2337/diacare.28.2.385.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hunt KJ, Resendez RG, Williams K, Haffner SM, Stern MP: National Cholesterol Education Program versus World Health Organization metabolic syndrome in relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the San Antonio Heart Study. Circulation. 2004, 110: 1251-1257. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000140762.04598.F9.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, Niskanen LK, Kumpusalo E, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT: The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA. 2002, 288: 2709-2716. 10.1001/jama.288.21.2709.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ford ES: Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome: a summary of the evidence. Diabetes Care. 2005, 28: 1769-1778. 10.2337/diacare.28.7.1769.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, Joseph L, Pilote L, Poirier P, Rinfret S, Schiffrin EL, Eisenberg MJ: The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010, 56: 1113-1132. 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.034.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bruno G, Merletti F, Biggeri A, Bargero G, Ferrero S, Runzo C, Prina Cerai S, Pagano G, Cavallo-Perin P, Casale Monferrato Study: Metabolic syndrome as a predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetes: the Casale Monferrato Study. Diabetes Care. 2004, 27: 2689-2694. 10.2337/diacare.27.11.2689.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sattar N, McConnachie A, Shaper AG, Blauw GJ, Buckley BM, de Craen AJ, Ford I, Forouhi NG, Freeman DJ, Jukema JW, Lennon L, Macfarlane PW, Murphy MB, Packard CJ, Stott DJ, Westendorp RG, Whincup PH, Shepherd J, Wannamethee SG: Can metabolic syndrome usefully predict cardiovascular disease and diabetes? Outcome data from two prospective studies. Lancet. 2008, 371: 1927-1935. 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60602-9.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gami AS, Witt BJ, Howard DE, Erwin PJ, Gami LA, Somers VK, Montori VM: Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular events and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007, 49: 403-414. 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.09.032.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mente A, Yusuf S, Islam S, McQueen MJ, Tanomsup S, Onen CL, Rangarajan S, Gerstein HC, Anand SS, INTERHEART Investigators: Metabolic syndrome and risk of acute myocardial infarction a case-control study of 26,903 subjects from 52 countries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010, 55: 2390-2398. 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.053.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cabré JJ, Martín F, Costa B, Piñol JL, Llor JL, Ortega Y, Basora J, Baldrich M, Solà R, Daniel J, Hernández JM, Saumell J, Bladé J, Sagarra R, Basora T, Montañés D, Frigola JL, Donado-Mazarrón A, García-Vidal MT, Sánchez-Oro I, de Magriñà JM, Urbaneja A, Barrio F, Vizcaíno J, Sabaté JM, Pascual I, Revuelta V: Metabolic syndrome as a cardiovascular disease risk factor: patients evaluated in primary care. BMC Public Health. 2008, 8: 251-10.1186/1471-2458-8-251.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Papageorgiou AA, Didangelos TP, Ganotakis ES, Symeonidis AN, Daskalopoulou SS, Kakafika AI, Elisaf M, METS-GREECE Collaborative Group: Prevalence of atherosclerotic vascular disease among subjects with the metabolic syndrome with or without diabetes mellitus: the METS-GREECE Multicentre Study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004, 20: 1691-1701. 10.1185/030079904X5599.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Teramura M, Emoto M, Araki T, Yokoyama H, Motoyama K, Shinohara K, Mori K, Koyama H, Shoji T, Inaba M, Nishizawa Y: Clinical impact of metabolic syndrome by modified NCEP-ATPIII criteria on carotid atherosclerosis in Japanese adults. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2007, 14: 172-178.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sattar N, Gaw A, Scherbakova O, Ford I, O'Reilly DS, Haffner SM, Isles C, Macfarlane PW, Packard CJ, Cobbe SM, Shepherd J: Metabolic syndrome with and without C-reactive protein as a predictor of coronary heart disease and diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation. 2003, 108: 414-419. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000080897.52664.94.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Malik S, Wong ND, Franklin SS, Kamath TV, L'Italien GJ, Pio JR, Williams GR: Impact of the metabolic syndrome on mortality from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and all causes in United States adults. Circulation. 2004, 110: 1245-1250. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000140677.20606.0E.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Iribarren C, Go AS, Husson G, Sidney S, Fair JM, Quertermous T, Hlatky MA, Fortmann SP: Metabolic syndrome and early-onset coronary artery disease: is the whole greater than its parts?. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 48: 1800-1807. 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.070.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nabipour I, Amiri M, Imami SR, Jahfari SM, Shafeiae E, Nosrati A, Iranpour D, Soltanian AR: The metabolic syndrome and nonfatal ischemic heart disease; a population-based study. Int J Cardiol. 2007, 118: 48-53. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.06.017.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ginsberg HN, MacCallum PR: The obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus pandemic: Part I. Increased cardiovascular disease risk and the importance of atherogenic dyslipidemia in persons with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Cardiometab Syndr. 2009, 4: 113-119. 10.1111/j.1559-4572.2008.00044.x.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ: The metabolic syndrome. Lancet. 2005, 365: 1415-1428. 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66378-7.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hanson RL, Imperatore G, Bennett PH, Knowler WC: Components of the "metabolic syndrome" and incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2002, 51: 3120-3127. 10.2337/diabetes.51.10.3120.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Krauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith SC, Spertus JA, Costa F, American Heart Association; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome. An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Executive summary. Cardiol Rev. 2005, 13: 322-327.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ford ES, Li C, Sattar N: Metabolic syndrome and incident diabetes: current state of the evidence. Diabetes Care. 2008, 31: 1898-1904. 10.2337/dc08-0423.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Niskanen LK, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT, Lakka TA: Metabolic syndrome and development of diabetes mellitus: application and validation of recently suggested definitions of the metabolic syndrome in a prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2002, 156: 1070-1077. 10.1093/aje/kwf145.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hanley AJ, Karter AJ, Williams K, Festa A, D'Agostino RB, Wagenknecht LE, Haffner SM: Prediction of type 2 diabetes mellitus with alternative definitions of the metabolic syndrome: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Circulation. 2005, 112: 3713-3721. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.559633.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lorenzo C, Okoloise M, Williams K, Stern MP, Haffner SM: The metabolic syndrome as predictor of type 2 diabetes: the San Antonio heart study. Diabetes Care. 2003, 26: 3153-3159. 10.2337/diacare.26.11.3153.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cartier A, Côté M, Lemieux I, Pérusse L, Tremblay A, Bouchard C, Després JP: Sex differences in inflammatory markers: what is the contribution of visceral adiposity?. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009, 89: 1307-1314. 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27030.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Onat A, Ugur M, Can G, Yuksel H, Hergenc G: Visceral adipose tissue and body fat mass: predictive values for and role of gender in cardiometabolic risk among Turks. Nutrition. 2010, 26: 382-389. 10.1016/j.nut.2009.05.019.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Onat A, Hergenc G, Bulur S, Ugur M, Kucukdurmaz Z, Can G: The paradox of high apolipoprotein A-I levels independently predicting incident type-2 diabetes among Turks. Int J Cardiol. 2010, 142: 72-79. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.12.066.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Onat A, Hergenc G: Low-grade inflammation, and dysfunction of high-density lipoprotein and its apolipoproteins as a major driver of cardiometabolic risk. Metabolism. 2011, 60: 499-512. 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.04.018.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Onat A, Can G, Hergenc G, Yazici M, Karabulut A, Albayrak S: Serum apolipoprotein B predicts dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome and, in women, hypertension and diabetes, independent of markers of central obesity and inflammation. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007, 31: 1119-1125. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803552.
CAS
Google Scholar
Onat A, Uyarel H, Hergenç G, Karabulut A, Albayrak S, Sari I, Yazici M, Keleş I: Serum uric acid is a determinant of metabolic syndrome in a population-based study. Am J Hypertens. 2006, 19: 1055-1062. 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2006.02.014.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Onat A, Hergenç G, Karabulut A, Türkmen S, Doğan Y, Uyarel H, Can G, Sansoy V: Serum gamma glutamyltransferase as a marker of metabolic syndrome and coronary disease likelihood in nondiabetic middle-aged and elderly adults. Prev Med. 2006, 43: 136-139. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.04.005.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Onat A, Ozhan H, Erbilen E, Albayrak S, Küçükdurmaz Z, Can G, Keleş I, Hergenç G: Independent prediction of metabolic syndrome by plasma fibrinogen in men, and predictors of elevated levels. Int J Cardiol. 2009, 135: 211-217. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.03.054.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ordovas JM: Genetic links between diabetes mellitus and coronary atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2007, 9: 204-210. 10.1007/s11883-007-0020-9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stefan N, Kantartzis K, Machann J, Schick F, Thamer C, Rittig K, Balletshofer B, Machicao F, Fritsche A, Häring HU: Identification and characterization of metabolically benign obesity in humans. Arch Intern Med. 2008, 168: 1609-1616. 10.1001/archinte.168.15.1609.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bravata DM, Wells CK, Concato J, Kernan WN, Brass LM, Gulanski BI: Two measures of insulin sensitivity provided similar information in a U.S. population. J Clin Epidemiol. 2004, 57: 1214-1217. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.05.001.
PubMed
Google Scholar
St-Onge MP, Janssen I, Heymsfield SB: Metabolic syndrome in normal-weight Americans: new definition of the metabolically obese, normal-weight individual. Diabetes Care. 2004, 27: 2222-2228. 10.2337/diacare.27.9.2222.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Matsuzawa Y: The role of fat topology in the risk of disease. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008, 32 (Suppl 7): S83-S92.
CAS
Google Scholar
Matsuzawa Y: Adiponectin: a key player in obesity related disorders. Curr Pharm Des. 2010, 16: 1896-1901. 10.2174/138161210791208893.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Okamoto Y, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Libby P: Adiponectin: a key adipocytokine in metabolic syndrome. Clin Sci (Lond). 2006, 110: 267-278. 10.1042/CS20050182.
CAS
Google Scholar
Kim JH, Kim SH, Im JA, Lee DC: The relationship between visfatin and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2010, 67: 67-71. 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.05.002.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
S Standeven KF, Hess K, Carter AM, Rice GI, Cordell PA, Balmforth AJ, Lu B, Scott DJ, Turner AJ, Hooper NM, Grant PJ: Neprilysin, obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Int J Obes (Lond).
Xu J, Lloyd DJ, Hale C, Stanislaus S, Chen M, Sivits G, Vonderfecht S, Hecht R, Li YS, Lindberg RA, Chen JL, Jung DY, Zhang Z, Ko HJ, Kim JK, Véniant MM: Fibroblast growth factor 21 reverses hepatic steatosis, increases energy expenditure, and improves insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice. Diabetes. 2009, 58: 250-259. 10.2337/db08-0392.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Stofkova A: Resistin and visfatin: regulators of insulin sensitivity, inflammation and immunity. Endocr Regul. 2010, 44: 25-36. 10.4149/endo_2010_01_25.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kahn SE, Prigeon RL, Schwartz RS, Fujimoto WY, Knopp RH, Brunzell JD, Porte D: Obesity, body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and Islet beta-cell function as explanations for metabolic diversity. J Nutr. 2001, 131: 354S-360S.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chrousos GP, Gold PW: The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA. 1992, 267: 1244-1252. 10.1001/jama.267.9.1244.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Charmandari E, Tsigos C, Chrousos G: Endocrinology of the stress response. Annu Rev Physiol. 2005, 67: 259-284. 10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.120816.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chrousos GP, Kino T: Glucocorticoid signaling in the cell. Expanding clinical implications to complex human behavioral and somatic disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009, 1179: 153-166. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04988.x.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chrousos GP: Stress and disorders of the stress system. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009, 5: 374-381. 10.1038/nrendo.2009.106.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chrousos GP: The role of stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome: neuro-endocrine and target tissue-related causes. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000, 24 (Suppl 2): S50-S55.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vgontzas AN, Papanicolaou DA, Bixler EO, Hopper K, Lotsikas A, Lin HM, Kales A, Chrousos GP: Sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness and fatigue: relation to visceral obesity, insulin resistance, and hypercytokinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000, 85: 1151-1158. 10.1210/jc.85.3.1151.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stewart PM, Boulton A, Kumar S, Clark PM, Shackleton CH: Cortisol metabolism in human obesity: impaired cortisone→cortisol conversion in subjects with central adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999, 84: 1022-1027. 10.1210/jc.84.3.1022.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Valsamakis G, Anwar A, Tomlinson JW, Shackleton CH, McTernan PG, Chetty R, Wood PJ, Banerjee AK, Holder G, Barnett AH, Stewart PM, Kumar S: 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in lean and obese males with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004, 89: 4755-4761. 10.1210/jc.2003-032240.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gathercole LL, Stewart PM: Targeting the pre-receptor metabolism of cortisol as a novel therapy in obesity and diabetes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010, 122: 21-27. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.060.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vgontzas AN, Chrousos GP: Sleep-disordered breathing, sleepiness, and insulin resistance: is the latter a consequence, a pathogenetic factor, or both?. Sleep Med. 2002, 3: 389-391. 10.1016/S1389-9457(02)00067-9.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vgontzas AN, Chrousos GP: Sleep, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and cytokines: multiple interactions and disturbances in sleep disorders. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2002, 31: 15-36. 10.1016/S0889-8529(01)00005-6.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Chrousos GP: Obesity-related sleepiness and fatigue: the role of the stress system and cytokines. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006, 1083: 329-344. 10.1196/annals.1367.023.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Chrousos GP: Sleep apnea is a manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Sleep Med Rev. 2005, 9: 211-224. 10.1016/j.smrv.2005.01.006.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nader N, Chrousos GP, Kino T: Interactions of the circadian CLOCK system and the HPA axis. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2010, 21: 277-286. 10.1016/j.tem.2009.12.011.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Furukawa S, Fujita T, Shimabukuro M, Iwaki M, Yamada Y, Nakajima Y, Nakayama O, Makishima M, Matsuda M, Shimomura I: Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2004, 114: 1752-1761.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Grattagliano I, Vendemiale G, Boscia F, Micelli-Ferrari T, Cardia L, Altomare E: Oxidative retinal products and ocular damages in diabetic patients. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998, 25: 369-372. 10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00059-8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wei Y, Sowers JR, Nistala R, Gong H, Uptergrove GM, Clark SE, Morris EM, Szary N, Manrique C, Stump CS: Angiotensin II-induced NADPH oxidase activation impairs insulin signaling in skeletal muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 2006, 281: 35137-35146. 10.1074/jbc.M601320200.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Blendea MC, Jacobs D, Stump CS, McFarlane SI, Ogrin C, Bahtyiar G, Stas S, Kumar P, Sha Q, Ferrario CM, Sowers JR: Abrogation of oxidative stress improves insulin sensitivity in the Ren-2 rat model of tissue angiotensin II overexpression. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005, 288: E353-E359. 10.1152/ajpendo.00402.2004.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Giacchetti G, Sechi LA, Rilli S, Carey RM: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, glucose metabolism and diabetes. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2005, 16: 120-126. 10.1016/j.tem.2005.02.003.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nabeshima Y, Tazuma S, Kanno K, Hyogo H, Chayama K: Deletion of angiotensin II type I receptor reduces hepatic steatosis. J Hepatol. 2009, 50: 1226-1235. 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.01.018.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cooper SA, Whaley-Connell A, Habibi J, Wei Y, Lastra G, Manrique C, Stas S, Sowers JR: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and oxidative stress in cardiovascular insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007, 293: H2009-H2023. 10.1152/ajpheart.00522.2007.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Williams JS, Williams GH: 50th anniversary of aldosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003, 88: 2364-2372. 10.1210/jc.2003-030490.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tirosh A, Garg R, Adler GK: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2010, 12: 252-257. 10.1007/s11906-010-0126-2.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sowers JR, Whaley-Connell A, Epstein M: Narrative review: the emerging clinical implications of the role of aldosterone in the metabolic syndrome and resistant hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 2009, 150: 776-783.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Schiffrin EL: Effects of aldosterone on the vasculature. Hypertension. 2006, 47: 312-318. 10.1161/01.HYP.0000201443.63240.a7.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brown NJ: Aldosterone and vascular inflammation. Hypertension. 2008, 51: 161-167. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.095489.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Krutzfeldt J, Stoffel M: MicroRNAs: a new class of regulatory genes affecting metabolism. Cell Metab. 2006, 4: 9-12. 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.05.009.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jackson RJ, Standart N: How do microRNAs regulate gene expression?. Sci STKE. 2007, 2007: re1
Google Scholar
Heneghan HM, Miller N, Kerin MJ: Role of microRNAs in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Obes Rev. 2010, 11: 354-361. 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00659.x.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Krützfeldt J, Rajewsky N, Braich R, Rajeev KG, Tuschl T, Manoharan M, Stoffel M: Silencing of microRNAs in vivo with 'antagomirs'. Nature. 2005, 438: 685-689. 10.1038/nature04303.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ravelli GP, Stein ZA, Susser MW: Obesity in young men after famine exposure in utero and early infancy. N Engl J Med. 1976, 295: 349-353. 10.1056/NEJM197608122950701.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kensara OA, Wootton SA, Phillips DI, Patel M, Jackson AA, Elia M: Fetal programming of body composition: relation between birth weight and body composition measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and anthropometric methods in older Englishmen. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005, 82: 980-987.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gale CR, Martyn CN, Kellingray S, Eastell R, Cooper C: Intrauterine programming of adult body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001, 86: 267-272. 10.1210/jc.86.1.267.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Simmons RA, Templeton LJ, Gertz SJ: Intrauterine growth retardation leads to the development of type 2 diabetes in the rat. Diabetes. 2001, 50: 2279-2286. 10.2337/diabetes.50.10.2279.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Germani D, Puglianiello A, Cianfarani S: Uteroplacental insufficiency down regulates insulin receptor and affects expression of key enzymes of long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) metabolism in skeletal muscle at birth. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2008, 7: 14-10.1186/1475-2840-7-14.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Xita N, Tsatsoulis A: Fetal origins of the metabolic syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010, 1205: 148-155. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05658.x.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fernandez-Twinn DS, Ozanne SE: Early life nutrition and metabolic programming. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010, 1212: 78-96. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05798.x.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sakka SD, Loutradis D, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Margeli A, Papastamataki M, Papassotiriou I, Chrousos GP: Absence of insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation despite early metabolic syndrome manifestations in children born after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2010, 94: 1693-1699. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.09.049.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ceelen M, van Weissenbruch MM, Vermeiden JP, van Leeuwen FE, Delemarre-van de Waal HA: Cardiometabolic differences in children born after in vitro fertilization: follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008, 93: 1682-1688. 10.1210/jc.2007-2432.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Miles HL, Hofman PL, Peek J, Harris M, Wilson D, Robinson EM, Gluckman PD, Cutfield WS: In vitro fertilization improves childhood growth and metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007, 92: 3441-3445. 10.1210/jc.2006-2465.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Weiss R, Dziura J, Burgert TS, Tamborlane WV, Taksali SE, Yeckel CW, Allen K, Lopes M, Savoye M, Morrison J, Sherwin RS, Caprio S: Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2004, 350: 2362-2374. 10.1056/NEJMoa031049.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hannon TS, Rao G, Arslanian SA: Childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics. 2005, 116: 473-480. 10.1542/peds.2004-2536.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Elkasabany A, Berenson GS: Cardiovascular risk factors clustering features of insulin resistance syndrome (Syndrome X) in a biracial (Black-White) population of children, adolescents, and young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1999, 150: 667-674.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cook S, Weitzman M, Auinger P, Nguyen M, Dietz WH: Prevalence of a metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003, 157: 821-827. 10.1001/archpedi.157.8.821.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen W, Bao W, Begum S, Elkasabany A, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS: Age-related patterns of the clustering of cardiovascular risk variables of syndrome X from childhood to young adulthood in a population made up of black and white subjects: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Diabetes. 2000, 49: 1042-1048. 10.2337/diabetes.49.6.1042.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Csabi G, Torok K, Jeges S, Molnar D: Presence of metabolic cardiovascular syndrome in obese children. Eur J Pediatr. 2000, 159: 91-94. 10.1007/PL00013812.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moreno LA, Pineda I, Rodriguez G, Fleta J, Sarria A, Bueno M: Waist circumference for the screening of the metabolic syndrome in children. Acta Paediatr. 2002, 91: 1307-1312. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2002.tb02825.x.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Duncan GE, Li SM, Zhou XH: Prevalence and trends of a metabolic syndrome phenotype among U.A. adolescents, 1999-2000. Diabetes Care. 2004, 27: 2438-2443. 10.2337/diacare.27.10.2438.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cruz ML, Weigensberg MJ, Huang TT, Ball G, Shaibi GQ, Goran MI: The metabolic syndrome in overweight Hispanic youth and the role of insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004, 89: 108-113. 10.1210/jc.2003-031188.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
de Ferranti SD, Gauvreau K, Ludwig DS, Neufeld EJ, Newburger JW, Rifai N: Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in American adolescents: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation. 2004, 110: 2494-2497. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000145117.40114.C7.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lambert M, Paradis G, O'Loughlin J, Delvin EE, Hanley JA, Levy E: Insulin resistance syndrome in a representative sample of children and adolescents from Quebec, Canada. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004, 28: 833-841. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802694.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goodman E, Dolan LM, Morrison JA, Daniels SR: Factor analysis of clustered cardiovascular risks in adolescence: obesity is the predominant correlate of risk among youth. Circulation. 2005, 111: 1970-1977. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000161957.34198.2B.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pervanidou P, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Chrousos GP: Assessment of metabolic profile in a clinical setting. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2006, 9: 589-595. 10.1097/01.mco.0000241669.24923.8d.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brambilla P, Lissau I, Flodmark CE, Moreno LA, Widhalm K, Wabitsch M, Pietrobelli A: Metabolic risk-factor clustering estimation in children: to draw a line across pediatric metabolic syndrome. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007, 31: 591-600. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803581.
CAS
Google Scholar
Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Kaufman F, Tajima N, Silink M, Arslanian S, Wong G, Bennett P, Shaw J, Caprio S, IDF Consensus Group: The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents - an IDF consensus report. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007, 8: 299-306. 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00271.x.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goran MI, Gower BA: Longitudinal study on pubertal insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2001, 50: 2444-2450. 10.2337/diabetes.50.11.2444.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Viner RM, Segal TY, Lichtarowicz-Krynska E, Hindmarsh P: Prevalence of the insulin resistance syndrome in obesity. Arch Dis Child. 2005, 90: 10-14. 10.1136/adc.2003.036467.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pilia S, Casini MR, Foschini ML, Minerba L, Musiu MC, Marras V, Civolani P, Loche S: The effect of puberty on insulin resistance in obese children. J Endocrinol Invest. 2009, 32: 401-405.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goodman E, Daniels SR, Meigs JB, Dolan LM: Instability in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in adolescents. Circulation. 2007, 115: 2316-2322. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.669994.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Goodman E, Li C, Tu YK, Ford E, Sun SS, Huang TT: Stability of the factor structure of the metabolic syndrome across pubertal development: confirmatory factor analyses of three alternative models. J Pediatr. 2009, 155: S5-S8.
Google Scholar
Pervanidou P, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Lazopoulou N, Karamouzis I, Bastaki D, Julius A, Chrousos GP: Inconsistency of Metabolic Syndrome Diagnosis and Correlation of Morning Serum Cortisol Concentrations with Stability of Metabolic Abnormalities in Obese Children and Adolescents. Hormone Research. 2009, 72 (Suppl 3): 283.
Google Scholar
Magnussen CG, Koskinen J, Chen W, Thomson R, Schmidt MD, Srinivasan SR, Kivimäki M, Mattsson N, Kähönen M, Laitinen T, Taittonen L, Rönnemaa T, Viikari JS, Berenson GS, Juonala M, Raitakari OT: Pediatric metabolic syndrome predicts adulthood metabolic syndrome, subclinical atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus but is no better than body mass index alone: the Bogalusa Heart Study and the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Circulation. 2010, 122: 1604-1611. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.940809.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Einhorn D, Reaven GM, Cobin RH, Ford E, Ganda OP, Handelsman Y, Hellman R, Jellinger PS, Kendall D, Krauss RM, Neufeld ND, Petak SM, Rodbard HW, Seibel JA, Smith DA, Wilson PW: American College of Endocrinology position statement on the insulin resistance syndrome. Endocr Pract. 2003, 9: 237-252.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH: Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2002, 287: 356-359. 10.1001/jama.287.3.356.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ford ES, Giles WH: A comparison of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome using two proposed definitions. Diabetes Care. 2003, 26: 575-581. 10.2337/diacare.26.3.575.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Park YW, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, Heshka S, Carnethon MR, Heymsfield SB: The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Intern Med. 2003, 163: 427-436. 10.1001/archinte.163.4.427.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar