Adverse childhood experiences are associated with spontaneous preterm birth: a case–control study

Table 3 Multivariate analyses of total stress, Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) score, lifetime abuse, and depression

Questionnaire tool	Adjusted odds ratio^a	95% CI
Total stress	1.26	0.90–1.76
High stress^b	1.61	0.88–2.94
ACE score	1.18	0.99–1.40
High ACE score (≥2 ACEs)^b	2.09*	1.10–3.98
Childhood and adult abuse	1.30*	1.02–1.65
Depression during pregnancy	1.42	0.91–2.22

^aAdjusted for maternal age, educational status, smoking and history of miscarriage; ^bBased on median split; *P <0.05

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