Nolan T, Angos P, Cunha AJ, Muhe L, Qazi S, Simoes EA, et al. Quality of hospital care for seriously ill children in less-developed countries. Lancet. 2001;357:106–10.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
English M, Esamai F, Wasunna A, Were F, Ogutu B, Wamae A, et al. Assessment of inpatient paediatric care in first referral level hospitals in 13 districts in Kenya. Lancet. 2004;363:1948–53.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mulholland K, Adegbola R. Bacterial infections--a major cause of death among children in Africa. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:75–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Serious childhood problems in countries with limited resources. Geneva: WHO; 2004.
Google Scholar
Molyneux E. Paediatric emergency care in developing countries. Lancet. 2001;357:86–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Molyneux E, Ahmad S, Robertson A. Improved triage and emergency care for children reduces inpatient mortality in a resource-constrained setting. Bull World Health Organ. 2006;84:314–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Li M, Kelly J, Subhi R, Were W, Duke T. Global use of the WHO pocket book of hospital care for children. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2013;33:4–17.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moons K, Royston P, Vergouwe Y, Grobbee D, Altman D. Prognosis and prognostic research: what, why, and how? BMJ. 2009;338:b375.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gemke R, van Vught J. Scoring systems in pediatric intensive care: PRISM III versus PIM. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:204–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Choi KM, Ng DK, Wong SF, Kwok KL, Chow PY, Chan CH, et al. Assessment of the Pediatric Index of Mortality (PIM) and the Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) III score for prediction of mortality in a paediatric intensive care unit in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J. 2005;11:97–103.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Singhal D, Kumar N, Puliyel JM, Singh SK, Srinivas V. Prediction of mortality by application of PRISM score in intensive care unit. Indian Pediatr. 2001;38:714–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martinot A, Grandbastien B, Leclerc F. Performance of the Pediatric Risk of Mortality Score. Crit Care Med. 1997;25:716–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pollack MM, Ruttimann UE, Getson PR. Pediatric risk of mortality (PRISM) score. Crit Care Med. 1988;16:1110–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shann F, Pearson G, Slater A, Wilkinson K. Paediatric index of mortality (PIM): a mortality prediction model for children in intensive care. Intensive Care Med. 1997;23:201–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Parshuram CS, Hutchison J, Middaugh K. Development and initial validation of the Bedside Paediatric Early Warning System score. Crit Care. 2009;13:R135.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Helbok R, Kendjo E, Issifou S, Lackner P, Newton CR, Kombila M, et al. The Lambarene Organ Dysfunction Score (LODS) is a simple clinical predictor of fatal malaria in African children. J Infect Dis. 2009;200:1834–41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
von Seidlein L, Olaosebikan R, Hendriksen I, Lee S, Adedoyin O, Agbenyega T, et al. Predicting the clinical outcome of severe falciparum malaria in African children: findings from a large randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1080–90.
Article
Google Scholar
Riordan A, Marzouk O, Thomson A, Sills J, Hart A. Prospective validation of the Glasgow meningococcal septicaemia prognostic score. Comparison with other scoring methods. Eur J Pediatr. 2002;161:531–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barquet N, Domingo P, Caylà JA, González J, Rodrigo C, Fernández-Viladrich P, et al. Prognostic factors in meningococcal disease. Development of a bedside predictive model and scoring system. Barcelona Meningococcal Disease Surveillance Group. JAMA. 1997;278:491–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maitland K, Kiguli S, Opoka R, Engoru C, Olupot-Olupot P, Akech S, et al. Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with severe infection. New Engl J Med. 2011;364:2483–95.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gove S, Tamburlini G, Molyneux E, Whitesell P, Campbell H. Development and technical basis of simplified guidelines for emergency triage assessment and treatment in developing countries. WHO Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) Referral Care Project. Arch Dis Child. 1999;81:473–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kiguli S, Maitland K, George EC, Olupot-Olupot P, Opoka RO, Engoru C, et al. Anaemia and blood transfusion in African children presenting to hospital with severe febrile illness. BMC Med. 2015;13:21.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Scott A, Bauni E, Moisi J, Ojal J, Gatakaa H, Nyundo C, et al. Profile: The Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance System (KHDSS). Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41:650–7.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Goddard JM. Pediatric risk of mortality scoring overestimates severity of illness in infants. Crit Care Med. 1992;20:1662–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wells M, Riera-Fanego JF, Luyt DK, Dance M, Lipman J. Poor discriminatory performance of the Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) score in a South African intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 1996;24:1507–13.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gemke RJ, Bonsel GJ, van Vught AJ. Effectiveness and efficiency of a Dutch pediatric intensive care unit: validity and application of the Pediatric Risk of Mortality score. Crit Care Med. 1994;22:1477–84.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pollack MM, Patel KM, Ruttimann UE. PRISM III: an updated Pediatric Risk of Mortality score. Crit Care Med. 1996;24:743–52.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gérardin P, Rogier C, Leteurtre S, Jouvencel P, Ka AS, Imbert P. Evaluation of Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) scoring in African children with falciparum malaria. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2006;7:45–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dondorp A, Fanello C, Hendriksen I, Gomes E, Seni A, Chhaganlal K, et al. Artesunate versus quinine in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria in African children (AQUAMAT): an open-label, randomised trial. Lancet. 2010;376:1647–57.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Conroy A, Hawkes M, Hayford K, Namasopo S, Opoka R, John C, et al. Prospective validation of pediatric disease severity scores to predict mortality in Ugandan children presenting with malaria and non-malaria febrile illness. Crit Care. 2015;19:47.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Berkley JA, Ross A, Mwangi I, Osier FH, Mohammed M, Shebbe M, et al. Prognostic indicators of early and late death in children admitted to district hospital in Kenya: cohort study. BMJ. 2003;326:361.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Royston P, Moons K, Altman D, Vergouwe Y. Prognosis and prognostic research: developing a prognostic model. BMJ. 2009;338:b604.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Harrell FE, Lee KL, Mark DB. Multivariable prognostic models: issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors. Stat Med. 1996;15:361–87.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Royston P, Altman DG. Regression using fractional polynomials of continuous covariates: Parsimonious parametric modelling. Applied Statistics. 1994;43:429–67.
Article
Google Scholar
Pencina M, D'Agostino Sr RB, D'Agostino Jr RB, Vasan R. Evaluating the added predictive ability of a new marker: From area under the ROC curve to reclassification and beyond. Stat Med. 2008;27:157–72.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Applied logistic regression. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons; 1989.
Google Scholar
White IR, Royston P, Wood AM. Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice. Stat Med. 2011;30:377–99.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Db R. Multiple imputation for non-response in surveys. Chichester: Wiley; 1987.
Google Scholar
Vergouwe Y, Royston P, Moons K, Altman D. Development and validation of a prediction model with missing predictor data: a practical approach. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63:205–14.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Altman D, Vergouwe Y, Royston P, Moons K. Prognosis and prognostic research: validating a prognostic model. BMJ. 2009;338:b605.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berkley J, Bejon P, Mwangi T, Gwer S, Maitland K, Williams T, et al. HIV infection, malnutrition, and invasive bacterial infection among children with severe malaria. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:336–43.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Koram KA, Molyneux ME. When is "malaria" malaria? The different burdens of malaria infection, malaria disease, and malaria-like illnesses. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77:1–5.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reyburn H, Mbatia R, Drakeley C, Carneiro I, Mwakasungula E, Mwerinde O, et al. Overdiagnosis of malaria in patients with severe febrile illness in Tanzania: a prospective study. BMJ. 2004;329:1212.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Singer M. Mitochondrial function in sepsis: acute phase versus multiple organ failure. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:S441–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Weiskopf RB, Viele MK, Feiner J, Kelley S, Lieberman J, Noorani M, et al. Human cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute, severe isovolemic anemia. JAMA. 1998;279:217–21.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nadjm B, Amos B, Mtove G, Ostermann J, Chonya S, Wangai H, et al. WHO guidelines for antimicrobial treatment in children admitted to hospital in an area of intense Plasmodium falciparum transmission: prospective study. BMJ. 2010;340:c1350.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Reddy E, Shaw A, Crump J. Community-acquired bloodstream infections in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:417–32.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mwaniki M, Nokes J, Ignas J, Munywoki P, Ngama M, Newton CR, et al. Emergency triage assessment for hypoxaemia in neonates and young children in a Kenyan hospital: an observational study. Bull World Health Organ. 2009;87:263–70.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Banajeh SM. Outcome for children under 5 years hospitalized with severe acute lower respiratory tract infections in Yemen: a 5 year experience. J Trop Pediatr. 1998;44:343–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brewster D. African fluid bolus study: implications for practice. J Paediatr Child Health. 2012;48:548–50.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Myburgh J. Fluid resuscitation in acute illness--time to reappraise the basics. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2543–4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berkley J, Mwangi I, Griffiths K, Ahmed I, Mithwani S, English M, et al. Assessment of severe malnutrition among hospitalized children in rural Kenya: comparison of weight for height and mid upper arm circumference. JAMA. 2005;294:591–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar