Fig. 2

a Number of poverty cases due to direct out-of-pocket (OOP) medical costs and number of deaths incurred by each of 20 leading causes of mortality in Ethiopia, when health services utilization was hypothetically set at 75 % across all conditions. Non-communicable diseases and injuries are indicated in blue; communicable diseases, maternal, and neonatal causes are indicated in red. b Number of poverty cases due to direct OOP medical costs by each of 20 leading causes of mortality in Ethiopia, in the base case (orange) and when adding health services utilization set at 75 % across all conditions (yellow). Lri = lower respiratory infections, Dia = diarrhea, St = stroke, TB = tuberculosis, Ihd = ischemic heart disease, Pr = preterm birth complications, Mal = malaria, Rti = road traffic injuries, Neo = neonatal encephalopathy, Men = meningitis, Wc = whooping cough, Msl = measles, Cir = cirrhosis, DM = diabetes mellitus, Copd = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cc = cervical cancer, Bc = breast cancer, Ep = epilepsy, Ast = asthma