Wimo A, Guerchet M, Ali GC, Wu YT, Prina AM, Winblad B, Jonsson L, Liu Z, Prince M. The worldwide costs of dementia 2015 and comparisons with 2010. Alzheimers Dement. 2017;13(1):1–7.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Calcoen D, Elias L, Yu X. What does it take to produce a breakthrough drug? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2015;14(3):161–2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cummings J, Lee G, Ritter A, Zhong K. Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline: 2018. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;4:195–214.
Google Scholar
Hutter CM, Mechanic LE, Chatterjee N, Kraft P, Gillanders EM. NCI Gene-Environment Think Tank. Gene-environment interactions in cancer epidemiology: a National Cancer Institute Think Tank report. Genet Epidemiol. 2013;37(7):643–57.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
The Lancet Neurology. G8 dementia summit: a chance for united action. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(1):1.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Bennett DA, Craft S, Fagan AM, Iwatsubo T, Jack CR Jr, Kaye J, Montine TJ, et al. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(3):280–92.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Livingston G, Sommerlad A, Orgeta V, Costafreda SG, Huntley J, Ames D, Ballard C, Banerjee S, Burns A, Cohen-Mansfield J, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet. 2017;390(10113):2673–734.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Terracciano A, Sutin AR, An Y, O'Brien RJ, Ferrucci L, Zonderman AB, Resnick SM. Personality and risk of Alzheimer's disease: new data and meta-analysis. Alzheimers Dement. 2014;10(2):179–86.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Andersson J, Oudin A, Sundstrom A, Forsberg B, Adolfsson R, Nordin M. Road traffic noise, air pollution, and risk of dementia – results from the Betula project. Environ Res. 2018;166:334–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stern Y. Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(11):1006–12.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wu YT, Beiser AS, Breteler MMB, Fratiglioni L, Helmer C, Hendrie HC, Honda H, Ikram MA, Langa KM, Lobo A, et al. The changing prevalence and incidence of dementia over time – current evidence. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017;13(6):327–39.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Habeck C, Razlighi Q, Gazes Y, Barulli D, Steffener J, Stern Y. Cognitive reserve and brain maintenance: orthogonal concepts in theory and practice. Cereb Cortex. 2017;27(8):3962–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nyberg L, Lovden M, Riklund K, Lindenberger U, Backman L. Memory aging and brain maintenance. Trends Cogn Sci. 2012;16(5):292–305.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stern Y, Arenaza-Urquijo EM, Bartres-Faz D, Belleville S, Cantilon M, Chetelat G, Ewers M, Franzmeier N, Kempermann G, Kremen WS, et al. Whitepaper: Defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance. Alzheimers Dement. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.219.
Blessed G, Tomlinson BE, Roth M. The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. Br J Psychiatry. 1968;114(512):797–811.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stern Y, Gurland B, Tatemichi TK, Tang MX, Wilder D, Mayeux R. Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. JAMA. 1994;271(13):1004–10.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McGurn B, Deary IJ, Starr JM. Childhood cognitive ability and risk of late-onset Alzheimer and vascular dementia. Neurology. 2008;71(14):1051–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Scarmeas N, Levy G, Tang MX, Manly J, Stern Y. Influence of leisure activity on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 2001;57(12):2236–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stern Y, Alexander GE, Prohovnik I, Stricks L, Link B, Lennon MC, Mayeux R. Relationship between lifetime occupation and parietal flow: implications for a reserve against Alzheimer's disease pathology. Neurology. 1995;45(1):55–60.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Perneczky R. Population-based approaches to Alzheimer's disease prevention. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1750:15–29.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zahodne LB, Stern Y, Manly JJ. Differing effects of education on cognitive decline in diverse elders with low versus high educational attainment. Neuropsychology. 2015;29(4):649–57.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chapko D, McCormack R, Black C, Staff R, Murray A. Life-course determinants of cognitive reserve (CR) in cognitive aging and dementia – a systematic literature review. Aging Ment Health. 2018;22(8):915–26.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Meng X, D'Arcy C. Education and dementia in the context of the cognitive reserve hypothesis: a systematic review with meta-analyses and qualitative analyses. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e38268.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Valenzuela MJ, Sachdev P. Brain reserve and dementia: a systematic review. Psychological Med. 2006;36(4):441–54.
Article
Google Scholar
Scarmeas N, Stern Y. Cognitive reserve and lifestyle. J Clin Exper Neuropsychol. 2003;25(5):625–33.
Article
Google Scholar
Christie GJ, Hamilton T, Manor BD, Farb NAS, Farzan F, Sixsmith A, Temprado JJ, Moreno S. Do lifestyle activities protect against cognitive decline in aging? A review. Front Aging Neurosci. 2017;9:381.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Harrison SL, Sajjad A, Bramer WM, Ikram MA, Tiemeier H, Stephan BC. Exploring strategies to operationalize cognitive reserve: a systematic review of reviews. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2015;37(3):253–64.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bennett DA, Arnold SE, Valenzuela MJ, Brayne C, Schneider JA. Cognitive and social lifestyle: links with neuropathology and cognition in late life. Acta Neuropathol. 2014;127(1):137–50.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Letenneur L, Commenges D, Dartigues JF, Barberger-Gateau P. Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in elderly community residents of south-western France. Int J Epidemiol. 1994;23(6):1256–61.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Qiu C, Backman L, Winblad B, Aguero-Torres H, Fratiglioni L. The influence of education on clinically diagnosed dementia incidence and mortality data from the Kungsholmen Project. Arch Neurol. 2001;58(12):2034–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Anttila T, Helkala EL, Kivipelto M, Hallikainen M, Alhainen K, Heinonen H, Mannermaa A, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Nissinen A. Midlife income, occupation, APOE status, and dementia: a population-based study. Neurology. 2002;59(6):887–93.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhang MY, Katzman R, Salmon D, Jin H, Cai GJ, Wang ZY, Qu GY, Grant I, Yu E, Levy P, et al. The prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Shanghai, China: impact of age, gender, and education. Ann Neurol. 1990;27(4):428–37.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Evans DA, Hebert LE, Beckett LA, Scherr PA, Albert MS, Chown MJ, Pilgrim DM, Taylor JO. Education and other measures of socioeconomic status and risk of incident Alzheimer disease in a defined population of older persons. Arch Neurol. 1997;54(11):1399–405.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Evans DA, Beckett LA, Albert MS, Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Funkenstein HH, Taylor JO. Level of education and change in cognitive function in a community population of older persons. Ann Epidemiol. 1993;3(1):71–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
White L, Katzman R, Losonczy K, Salive M, Wallace R, Berkman L, Taylor J, Fillenbaum G, Havlik R. Association of education with incidence of cognitive impairment in three established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly. J Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47(4):363–74.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bennett DA, Wilson RS, Schneider JA, Evans DA, Mendes De Leon CF, Arnold SE, Barnes LL, Bienias JL. Education modifies the relation of AD pathology to level of cognitive function in older persons. Neurology. 2003;60(12):1909–15.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Duncan GJ, Brooks-Gunn J, Klebanov PK. Economic deprivation and early childhood development. Child Dev. 1994;65(2 Spec No):296–318.
Sacker A, Schoon I, Bartley M. Social inequality in educational achievement and psychosocial adjustment throughout childhood: magnitude and mechanisms. Soc Sci Med. 2002;55(5):863–80.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
McKeown T, Record RG. Relationship between childhood infections and measured intelligence. Br J Prev Soc Med. 1976;30(2):101–6.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Manly JJ, Touradji P, Tang MX, Stern Y. Literacy and memory decline among ethnically diverse elders. J Clin Exper Neuropsychol. 2003;25(5):680–90.
Article
Google Scholar
Seifan A, Schelke M, Obeng-Aduasare Y, Isaacson R. Early life epidemiology of alzheimer's disease--a critical review. Neuroepidemiology. 2015;45(4):237–54.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Snowdon DA, Kemper SJ, Mortimer JA, Greiner LH, Wekstein DR, Markesbery WR. Linguistic ability in early life and cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in late life. Findings from the Nun Study. JAMA. 1996;275(7):528–32.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Richards M, Sacker A. Lifetime antecedents of cognitive reserve. J Clin Exper Neuropsychol. 2003;25(5):614–24.
Article
Google Scholar
Starr JM, Deary IJ, Inch S, Cross S, MacLennan WJ. Blood pressure and cognitive decline in healthy old people. J Hum Hypertens. 1997;11(12):777–81.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Whalley LJ, Starr JM, Athawes R, Hunter D, Pattie A, Deary IJ. Childhood mental ability and dementia. Neurology. 2000;55(10):1455–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schmand B, Smit JH, Geerlings MI, Lindeboom J. The effects of intelligence and education on the development of dementia. A test of the brain reserve hypothesis. Psychological Med. 1997;27(6):1337–44.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Chertkow H, Whitehead V, Phillips N, Wolfson C, Atherton J, Bergman H. Multilingualism (but not always bilingualism) delays the onset of Alzheimer disease: evidence from a bilingual community. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2010;24(2):118–25.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Craik FI, Bialystok E, Freedman M. Delaying the onset of Alzheimer disease: bilingualism as a form of cognitive reserve. Neurology. 2010;75(19):1726–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Schweizer TA, Ware J, Fischer CE, Craik FI, Bialystok E. Bilingualism as a contributor to cognitive reserve: evidence from brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex. 2012;48(8):991–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mukadam N, Sommerlad A, Livingston G. The relationship of bilingualism compared to monolingualism to the risk of cognitive decline or dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;58(1):45–54.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Salthouse T. Theoretical Perspectives on Cognitive Aging. Hillsdale: L. Erlbaum Associates; 1991.
Google Scholar
Hultsch DF, Hertzog C, Small BJ, Dixon RA. Use it or lose it: engaged lifestyle as a buffer of cognitive decline in aging? Psychol Aging. 1999;14(2):245–63.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bickel H, Cooper B. Incidence and relative risk of dementia in an urban elderly population: findings of a prospective field study. Psychol Med. 1994;24(1):179–92.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Qiu C, Karp A, von Strauss E, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L, Bellander T. Lifetime principal occupation and risk of Alzheimer's disease in the Kungsholmen project. Am J Ind Med. 2003;43(2):204–11.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Valenzuela MJ, Matthews FE, Brayne C, Ince P, Halliday G, Kril JJ, Dalton MA, Richardson K, Forster G, Sachdev PS, et al. Multiple biological pathways link cognitive lifestyle to protection from dementia. Biological Psychiatry. 2012;71(9):783–91.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schooler C, Mulatu MS. The reciprocal effects of leisure time activities and intellectual functioning in older people: a longitudinal analysis. Psychol Aging. 2001;16(3):466–82.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gold DP, Andres D, Etezadi J, Arbuckle T, Schwartzman A, Chaikelson J. Structural equation model of intellectual change and continuity and predictors of intelligence in older men [published erratum appears in Psychol Aging 1998 Sep;13(3):434]. Psychol Aging. 1995;10(2):294–303.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schaie K. Midlife influences upon intellectual functioning in old age. Int J Behav Develop. 1984;7:463–78.
Article
Google Scholar
Schaie KW. Intellectual Development in Adulthood: The Seattle Longitudinal Study. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1996.
Google Scholar
Arbuckle TY, Gold DP, Andres D, Schwartzman A, Chaikelson J. The role of psychosocial context, age, and intelligence in memory performance of older men. Psychol Aging. 1992;7(1):25–36.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wilson RS, Bennett DA, Bienias JL, Mendes De Leon CF, Morris MC, Evans DA. Cognitive activity and cognitive decline in a biracial community population. Neurology. 2003;61(6):812–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crowe M, Andel R, Pedersen NL, Johansson B, Gatz M. Does participation in leisure activities lead to reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease? A prospective study of Swedish twins. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2003;58(5):P249–55.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carlson MC, Helms MJ, Steffens DC, Burke JR, Potter GG, Plassman BL. Midlife activity predicts risk of dementia in older male twin pairs. Alzheimers Dement. 2008;4(5):324–31.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fabrigoule C, Letenneur L, Dartigues JF, Zarrouk M, Commenges D, Barberger-Gateau P. Social and leisure activities and risk of dementia: a prospective longitudinal study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43(5):485–90.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhang X, Li C, Zhang M. Psychosocial risk factors of Alzheimer's disease. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1999;79(5):335–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fratiglioni L, Wang HX, Ericsson K, Maytan M, Winblad B. Influence of social network on occurrence of dementia: a community-based longitudinal study. Lancet. 2000;355(9212):1315–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang H-X, Karp A, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. Late-life engagement in social and leisure activities is associated with a decreased risk of dementia: a longitudinal study from the Kungsholmen Project. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155(12):1081–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sofi F, Valecchi D, Bacci D, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A, Macchi C. Physical activity and risk of cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Intern Med. 2011;269(1):107–17.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carmelli D, Swan GE, LaRue A, Eslinger PJ. Correlates of change in cognitive function in survivors from the Western Collaborative Group Study. Neuroepidemiology. 1997;16(6):285–95.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Albert MS, Jones K, Savage CR, Berkman L, Seeman T, Blazer D, Rowe JW. Predictors of cognitive change in older persons: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Psychol Aging. 1995;10(4):578–89.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schuit AJ, Feskens EJ, Launer LJ, Kromhout D. Physical activity and cognitive decline, the role of the apolipoprotein e4 allele. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(5):772–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dik M, Deeg DJ, Visser M, Jonker C. Early life physical activity and cognition at old age. J Clin Exper Neuropsychol. 2003;25(5):643–53.
Article
Google Scholar
Yaffe K, Barnes D, Nevitt M, Lui LY, Covinsky K. A prospective study of physical activity and cognitive decline in elderly women: women who walk. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(14):1703–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Li G, Shen YC, Chen CH, Zhau YW, Li SR, Lu M. A three-year follow-up study of age-related dementia in an urban area of Beijing. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1991;83(2):99–104.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yoshitake T, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Ohmura T, Iwamoto H, Nakayama K, Ohmori S, Nomiyama K, Kawano H, Ueda K, et al. Incidence and risk factors of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a defined elderly Japanese population: the Hisayama Study. Neurology. 1995;45(6):1161–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Laurin D, Verreault R, Lindsay J, MacPherson K, Rockwood K. Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons. Arch Neurol. 2001;58(3):498–504.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Palta P, Sharrett AR, Deal JA, Evenson KR, Gabriel KP, Folsom AR, Gross AL, Windham BG, Knopman D, Mosley TH, Heiss G. Leisure-time physical activity sustained since midlife and preservation of cognitive function: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Alzheimers Dement. 2019;15(2):273-81.
Baker LD, Frank LL, Foster-Schubert K, Green PS, Wilkinson CW, McTiernan A, Plymate SR, Fishel MA, Watson GS, Cholerton BA, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise on mild cognitive impairment: a controlled trial. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(1):71–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Baker LD, Bayer-Carter JL, Skinner J, Montine TJ, Cholerton BA, Callaghan M, Leverenz JB, Walter BK, Tsai E, Postupna N, et al. High-intensity physical activity modulates diet effects on cerebrospinal amyloid-beta levels in normal aging and mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;28(1):137–46.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Elbaz A, Vicente-Vytopilova P, Tavernier B, Sabia S, Dumurgier J, Mazoyer B, Singh-Manoux A, Tzourio C. Motor function in the elderly: evidence for the reserve hypothesis. Neurology. 2013;81(5):417–26.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Savage JE, Jansen PR, Stringer S, Watanabe K, Bryois J, de Leeuw CA, Nagel M, Awasthi S, Barr PB, Coleman JRI, et al. Genome-wide association meta-analysis in 269,867 individuals identifies new genetic and functional links to intelligence. Nat Genet. 2018;50(7):912–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Okbay A, Beauchamp JP, Fontana MA, Lee JJ, Pers TH, Rietveld CA, Turley P, Chen GB, Emilsson V, Meddens SF, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment. Nature. 2016;533(7604):539–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Guo LH, Alexopoulos P, Wagenpfeil S, Kurz A, Perneczky R. Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Brain size and the compensation of Alzheimer's disease symptoms: a longitudinal cohort study. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9(5):580–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Perneczky R, Alexopoulos P, Wagenpfeil S, Bickel H, Kurz A. Head circumference, apolipoprotein E genotype and cognition in the Bavarian School Sisters Study. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(3):219–22.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Perneczky R, Wagenpfeil S, Lunetta KL, Cupples LA, Green RC, Decarli C, Farrer LA, Kurz A, MIRAGE Study Group. Head circumference, atrophy, and cognition: implications for brain reserve in Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2010;75(2):137–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Adams HH, Hibar DP, Chouraki V, Stein JL, Nyquist PA, Renteria ME, Trompet S, Arias-Vasquez A, Seshadri S, Desrivieres S, et al. Novel genetic loci underlying human intracranial volume identified through genome-wide association. Nat Neurosci. 2016;19(12):1569–82.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ikram MA, Fornage M, Smith AV, Seshadri S, Schmidt R, Debette S, Vrooman HA, Sigurdsson S, Ropele S, Taal HR, et al. Common variants at 6q22 and 17q21 are associated with intracranial volume. Nat Genet. 2012;44(5):539–44.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Davies G, Armstrong N, Bis JC, Bressler J, Chouraki V, Giddaluru S, Hofer E, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Kirin M, Lahti J, et al. Genetic contributions to variation in general cognitive function: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in the CHARGE consortium (N=53949). Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20(2):183–92.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Davies G, Lam M, Harris SE, Trampush JW, Luciano M, Hill WD, Hagenaars SP, Ritchie SJ, Marioni RE, Fawns-Ritchie C, et al. Study of 300,486 individuals identifies 148 independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):2098.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Brainstorm C, Anttila V, Bulik-Sullivan B, Finucane HK, Walters RK, Bras J, Duncan L, Escott-Price V, Falcone GJ, Gormley P, et al. Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain. Science. 2018;360(6395):1-15.
Desikan RS, Schork AJ, Wang Y, Witoelar A, Sharma M, McEvoy LK, Holland D, Brewer JB, Chen CH, Thompson WK, et al. Genetic overlap between Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease at the MAPT locus. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20(12):1588–95.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dean DC 3rd, Jerskey BA, Chen K, Protas H, Thiyyagura P, Roontiva A, O'Muircheartaigh J, Dirks H, Waskiewicz N, Lehman K, et al. Brain differences in infants at differential genetic risk for late-onset Alzheimer disease: a cross-sectional imaging study. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(1):11–22.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
van den Bree MB, Eaves LJ, Dwyer JT. Genetic and environmental influences on eating patterns of twins aged >/=50 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(4):456–65.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Koopmans JR, Slutske WS, Heath AC, Neale MC, Boomsma DI. The genetics of smoking initiation and quantity smoked in Dutch adolescent and young adult twins. Behav Genet. 1999;29(6):383–93.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Madden PA, Heath AC, Pedersen NL, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo MJ, Martin NG. The genetics of smoking persistence in men and women: a multicultural study. Behav Genet. 1999;29(6):423–31.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Beunen G, Thomis M. Genetic determinants of sports participation and daily physical activity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23(Suppl 3):S55–63.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eaves L, Heath A, Martin N, Maes H, Neale M, Kendler K, Kirk K, Corey L. Comparing the biological and cultural inheritance of personality and social attitudes in the Virginia 30,000 study of twins and their relatives. Twin Res. 1999;2(2):62–80.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bouchard TJ Jr, McGue M, Lykken D, Tellegen A. Intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness: genetic and environmental influences and personality correlates. Twin Res. 1999;2(2):88–98.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hayden KM, Beavers DP, Steck SE, Hebert JR, Tabung FK, Shivappa N, Casanova R, Manson JE, Padula CB, Salmoirago-Blotcher E, et al. The association between an inflammatory diet and global cognitive function and incident dementia in older women: The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. Alzheimers Dement. 2017;13(11):1187–96.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Skoog I, Borjesson-Hanson A, Kern S, Johansson L, Falk H, Sigstrom R, Ostling S. Decreasing prevalence of dementia in 85-year olds examined 22 years apart: the influence of education and stroke. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):6136.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Alladi S, Bak TH, Mekala S, Rajan A, Chaudhuri JR, Mioshi E, Krovvidi R, Surampudi B, Duggirala V, Kaul S. Impact of bilingualism on cognitive outcome after stroke. Stroke. 2016;47(1):258–61.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zieren N, Duering M, Peters N, Reyes S, Jouvent E, Herve D, Gschwendtner A, Mewald Y, Opherk C, Chabriat H, et al. Education modifies the relation of vascular pathology to cognitive function: cognitive reserve in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. Neurobiol Aging. 2013;34(2):400–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brickman AM, Siedlecki KL, Muraskin J, Manly JJ, Luchsinger JA, Yeung LK, Brown TR, DeCarli C, Stern Y. White matter hyperintensities and cognition: testing the reserve hypothesis. Neurobiol Aging. 2011;32(9):1588–98.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Perneczky R, Drzezga A, Diehl-Schmid J, Schmid G, Wohlschlager A, Kars S, Grimmer T, Wagenpfeil S, Monsch A, Kurz A. Schooling mediates brain reserve in Alzheimer's disease: findings of fluoro-deoxy-glucose-positron emission tomography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77(9):1060–3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Morbelli S, Perneczky R, Drzezga A, Frisoni GB, Caroli A, van Berckel BN, Ossenkoppele R, Guedj E, Didic M, Brugnolo A, et al. Metabolic networks underlying cognitive reserve in prodromal Alzheimer disease: a European Alzheimer disease consortium project. J Nucl Med. 2013;54(6):894–902.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Perneczky R, Diehl-Schmid J, Drzezga A, Kurz A. Brain reserve capacity in frontotemporal dementia: a voxel-based 18F-FDG PET study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34(7):1082–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Perneczky R, Diehl-Schmid J, Pohl C, Drzezga A, Kurz A. Non-fluent progressive aphasia: cerebral metabolic patterns and brain reserve. Brain Res. 2007;1133(1):178–85.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Perneczky R, Haussermann P, Diehl-Schmid J, Boecker H, Forstl H, Drzezga A, Kurz A. Metabolic correlates of brain reserve in dementia with Lewy bodies: an FDG PET study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2007;23(6):416–22.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Perneczky R, Drzezga A, Diehl-Schmid J, Li Y, Kurz A. Gender differences in brain reserve: an (18)F-FDG PET study in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol. 2007;254(10):1395–400.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Perneczky R, Diehl-Schmid J, Forstl H, Drzezga A, Kurz A. Male gender is associated with greater cerebral hypometabolism in frontotemporal dementia: evidence for sex-related cognitive reserve. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22(11):1135–40.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rocca MA, Riccitelli GC, Meani A, Pagani E, Del Sette P, Martinelli V, Comi G, Falini A, Filippi M. Cognitive reserve, cognition, and regional brain damage in MS: a 2 -year longitudinal study. Mult Scler. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458517750767.
Modica CM, Bergsland N, Dwyer MG, Ramasamy DP, Carl E, Zivadinov R, Benedict RH. Cognitive reserve moderates the impact of subcortical gray matter atrophy on neuropsychological status in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2016;22(1):36–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Roy S, Schwartz CE, Duberstein P, Dwyer MG, Zivadinov R, Bergsland N, Powell V, Weinstock-Guttman B, Benedict RH. Synergistic effects of reserve and adaptive personality in multiple sclerosis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2016;22(9):920–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
de la Serna E, Andres-Perpina S, Puig O, Baeza I, Bombin I, Bartres-Faz D, Arango C, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Parellada M, Mayoral M, et al. Cognitive reserve as a predictor of two year neuropsychological performance in early onset first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2013;143(1):125–31.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Amoretti S, Bernardo M, Bonnin CM, Bioque M, Cabrera B, Mezquida G, Sole B, Vieta E, Torrent C. The impact of cognitive reserve in the outcome of first-episode psychoses: 2-year follow-up study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26(10):1638–48.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Forcada I, Mur M, Mora E, Vieta E, Bartres-Faz D, Portella MJ. The influence of cognitive reserve on psychosocial and neuropsychological functioning in bipolar disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25(2):214–22.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Anaya C, Torrent C, Caballero FF, Vieta E, Bonnin Cdel M, Ayuso-Mateos JL, CIBERSAM Functional Remediation Group. Cognitive reserve in bipolar disorder: relation to cognition, psychosocial functioning and quality of life. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2016;133(5):386–98.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mohammed AH, Zhu SW, Darmopil S, Hjerling-Leffler J, Ernfors P, Winblad B, Diamond MC, Eriksson PS, Bogdanovic N. Environmental enrichment and the brain. Prog Brain Res. 2002;138:109–33.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nithianantharajah J, Hannan AJ. Enriched environments, experience-dependent plasticity and disorders of the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006;7(9):697–709.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sale A, Berardi N, Maffei L. Enrich the environment to empower the brain. Trends Neurosci. 2009;32(4):233–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sexton CE, Betts JF, Demnitz N, Dawes H, Ebmeier KP, Johansen-Berg H. A systematic review of MRI studies examining the relationship between physical fitness and activity and the white matter of the ageing brain. Neuroimage. 2016;131:81–90.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Diamond MC. Response of the brain to enrichment. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2001;73(2):211–20.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kempermann G. Cynefin as Reference framework to facilitate insight and decision-making in complex contexts of biomedical research. Front Neurosci. 2017;11:634.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kempermann G. Adult neurogenesis: an evolutionary perspective. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015;8(2):a018986.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aimone JB, Deng W, Gage FH. Adult neurogenesis: integrating theories and separating functions. Trends Cogn Sci. 2010;14(7):325–37.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Garthe A, Behr J, Kempermann G. Adult-generated hippocampal neurons allow the flexible use of spatially precise learning strategies. PLoS One. 2009;4(5):e5464.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kempermann G. The neurogenic reserve hypothesis: what is adult hippocampal neurogenesis good for? Trends Neurosci. 2008;31(4):163–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marin-Burgin A, Mongiat LA, Pardi MB, Schinder AF. Unique processing during a period of high excitation/inhibition balance in adult-born neurons. Science. 2012;335(6073):1238–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Scarmeas N, Anastasiou CA, Yannakoulia M. Nutrition and prevention of cognitive impairment. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(11):1006–15.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kivipelto M, Mangialasche F, Ngandu T. Lifestyle interventions to prevent cognitive impairment, dementia and Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14(11):653–66.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Forbes D, Forbes SC, Blake CM, Thiessen EJ, Forbes S. Exercise programs for people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;4:CD006489.
Google Scholar
Woods B, Aguirre E, Spector AE, Orrell M. Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2:CD005562.
Google Scholar
Farina N, Llewellyn D, Isaac M, Tabet N. Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;4:CD002854.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ngandu T, Lehtisalo J, Solomon A, Levalahti E, Ahtiluoto S, Antikainen R, Backman L, Hanninen T, Jula A, Laatikainen T, et al. A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9984):2255–63.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chhetri JK, de Souto BP, Cantet C, Pothier K, Cesari M, Andrieu S, Coley N, Vellas B. Effects of a 3-year multi-domain intervention with or without omega-3 supplementation on cognitive functions in older subjects with increased CAIDE Dementia Scores. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;64(1):71–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
van Middelaar T, Hoevenaar-Blom MP, van Gool WA, Moll van Charante EP, van Dalen JW, Deckers K, Kohler S, Richard E. Modifiable dementia risk score to study heterogeneity in treatment effect of a dementia prevention trial: a post hoc analysis in the preDIVA trial using the LIBRA index. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2018;10(1):62.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Soininen H, Solomon A, Visser PJ, Hendrix SB, Blennow K, Kivipelto M, Hartmann T. LipiDiDiet Clinical Study Group. 24-month intervention with a specific multinutrient in people with prodromal Alzheimer's disease (LipiDiDiet): a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(12):965–75.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wilson RS, Barnes LL, Mendes de Leon CF, Aggarwal NT, Schneider JS, Bach J, Pilat J, Beckett LA, Arnold SE, Evans DA, et al. Depressive symptoms, cognitive decline, and risk of AD in older persons. Neurology. 2002;59(3):364–70.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ricci S, Fuso A, Ippoliti F, Businaro R. Stress-induced cytokines and neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;28(1):11–24.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marchant NL, Reed BR, DeCarli CS, Madison CM, Weiner MW, Chui HC, Jagust WJ. Cerebrovascular disease, beta-amyloid, and cognition in aging. Neurobiol Aging. 2012;33(5):1006 e25–36.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zufferey V, Donati A, Popp J, Meuli R, Rossier J, Frackowiak R, Draganski B, von Gunten A, Kherif F. Neuroticism, depression, and anxiety traits exacerbate the state of cognitive impairment and hippocampal vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2017;7:107–14.
Google Scholar
Berk L, van Boxtel M, van Os J. Can mindfulness-based interventions influence cognitive functioning in older adults? A review and considerations for future research. Aging Ment Health. 2017;21(11):1113–20.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gard T, Holzel BK, Lazar SW. The potential effects of meditation on age-related cognitive decline: a systematic review. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014;1307:89–103.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fox KC, Nijeboer S, Dixon ML, Floman JL, Ellamil M, Rumak SP, Sedlmeier P, Christoff K. Is meditation associated with altered brain structure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of morphometric neuroimaging in meditation practitioners. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014;43:48–73.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fox KC, Dixon ML, Nijeboer S, Girn M, Floman JL, Lifshitz M, Ellamil M, Sedlmeier P, Christoff K. Functional neuroanatomy of meditation: A review and meta-analysis of 78 functional neuroimaging investigations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;65:208–28.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rosano C, Aizenstein HJ, Newman AB, Venkatraman V, Harris T, Ding J, Satterfield S, Yaffe K, Health ABC. Study. Neuroimaging differences between older adults with maintained versus declining cognition over a 10-year period. Neuroimage. 2012;62(1):307–13.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gefen T, Peterson M, Papastefan ST, Martersteck A, Whitney K, Rademaker A, Bigio EH, Weintraub S, Rogalski E, Mesulam MM, et al. Morphometric and histologic substrates of cingulate integrity in elders with exceptional memory capacity. J Neurosci. 2015;35(4):1781–91.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Harrison TM, Weintraub S, Mesulam MM, Rogalski E. Superior memory and higher cortical volumes in unusually successful cognitive aging. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012;18(6):1081–5.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rogalski EJ, Gefen T, Shi J, Samimi M, Bigio E, Weintraub S, Geula C, Mesulam MM. Youthful memory capacity in old brains: anatomic and genetic clues from the Northwestern SuperAging Project. J Cogn Neurosci. 2013;25(1):29–36.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Luders E. Exploring age-related brain degeneration in meditation practitioners. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014;1307:82–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chetelat G, Mezenge F, Tomadesso C, Landeau B, Arenaza-Urquijo E, Rauchs G, Andre C, de Flores R, Egret S, Gonneaud J, et al. Reduced age-associated brain changes in expert meditators: a multimodal neuroimaging pilot study. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):10160.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Stern Y, Habeck C, Moeller J, Scarmeas N, Anderson KE, Hilton HJ, Flynn J, Sackeim H, van Heertum R. Brain networks associated with cognitive reserve in healthy young and old adults. Cereb Cortex. 2005;15(4):394–402.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reuter-Lorenz PA, Park DC. How does it STAC up? Revisiting the scaffolding theory of aging and cognition. Neuropsychol Rev. 2014;24(3):355–70.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gregory S, Long JD, Kloppel S, Razi A, Scheller E, Minkova L, Papoutsi M, Mills JA, Durr A, Leavitt BR, et al. Operationalizing compensation over time in neurodegenerative disease. Brain. 2017;140(4):1158–65.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kloppel S, Gregory S, Scheller E, Minkova L, Razi A, Durr A, Roos RA, Leavitt BR, Papoutsi M, Landwehrmeyer GB, et al. Compensation in preclinical Huntington's disease: evidence from the Track-On HD study. EBioMedicine. 2015;2(10):1420–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tabrizi SJ, Scahill RI, Durr A, Roos RA, Leavitt BR, Jones R, Landwehrmeyer GB, Fox NC, Johnson H, Hicks SL, et al. Biological and clinical changes in premanifest and early stage Huntington's disease in the TRACK-HD study: the 12-month longitudinal analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(1):31–42.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gregory S, Long JD, Kloppel S, Razi A, Scheller E, Minkova L, Johnson EB, Durr A, Roos RAC, Leavitt BR, et al. Testing a longitudinal compensation model in premanifest Huntington's disease. Brain. 2018;141(7):2156–66.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Arenaza-Urquijo EM, Landeau B, La Joie R, Mevel K, Mezenge F, Perrotin A, Desgranges B, Bartres-Faz D, Eustache F, Chetelat G. Relationships between years of education and gray matter volume, metabolism and functional connectivity in healthy elders. Neuroimage. 2013;83:450–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cole MW, Repovs G, Anticevic A. The frontoparietal control system: a central role in mental health. Neuroscientist. 2014;20(6):652–64.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cole MW, Yarkoni T, Repovs G, Anticevic A, Braver TS. Global connectivity of prefrontal cortex predicts cognitive control and intelligence. J Neurosci. 2012;32(26):8988–99.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cole MW, Reynolds JR, Power JD, Repovs G, Anticevic A, Braver TS. Multi-task connectivity reveals flexible hubs for adaptive task control. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16(9):1348–55.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Franzmeier N, Duering M, Weiner M, Dichgans M, Ewers M. Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Left frontal cortex connectivity underlies cognitive reserve in prodromal Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2017;88(11):1054–61.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Franzmeier N, Gottler J, Grimmer T, Drzezga A, Araque-Caballero MA, Simon-Vermot L, Taylor ANW, Burger K, Catak C, Janowitz D, et al. Resting-state connectivity of the left frontal cortex to the default mode and dorsal attention network supports reserve in mild cognitive impairment. Frontiers Aging Neurosci. 2017;9:264.
Article
Google Scholar
Franzmeier N, Hartmann J, Taylor ANW, Araque-Caballero MA, Simon-Vermot L, Kambeitz-Ilankovic L, Burger K, Catak C, Janowitz D, Muller C, et al. The left frontal cortex supports reserve in aging by enhancing functional network efficiency. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2018;10(1):28.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Franzmeier N, Hartmann JC, Taylor ANW, Araque Caballero MA, Simon-Vermot L, Buerger K, Kambeitz-Ilankovic LM, Ertl-Wagner B, Mueller C, Catak C, et al. Left frontal hub connectivity during memory performance supports reserve in aging and mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;59(4):1381–92.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ewers M, Insel PS, Stern Y, Weiner MW. Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Cognitive reserve associated with FDG-PET in preclinical Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2013;80(13):1194–201.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Franzmeier N, Duzel E, Jessen F, Buerger K, Levin J, Duering M, Dichgans M, Haass C, Suarez-Calvet M, Fagan AM, et al. Left frontal hub connectivity delays cognitive impairment in autosomal-dominant and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Brain. 2018;141(4):1186–200.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Stern Y, Gazes Y, Razlighi Q, Steffener J, Habeck C. A task-invariant cognitive reserve network. Neuroimage. 2018;178:36–45.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jack CR Jr, Bennett DA, Blennow K, Carrillo MC, Dunn B, Haeberlein SB, Holtzman DM, Jagust W, Jessen F, Karlawish J, et al. NIA-AA Research Framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14(4):535–62.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Imhof A, Kovari E, von Gunten A, Gold G, Rivara CB, Herrmann FR, Hof PR, Bouras C, Giannakopoulos P. Morphological substrates of cognitive decline in nonagenarians and centenarians: a new paradigm? J Neurol Sci. 2007;257(1-2):72–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Serrano-Pozo A, Frosch MP, Masliah E, Hyman BT. Neuropathological alterations in Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2011;1(1):a006189.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Qiu C, Kivipelto M, von Strauss E. Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease: occurrence, determinants, and strategies toward intervention. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2009;11(2):111–28.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Matthews FE, Arthur A, Barnes LE, Bond J, Jagger C, Robinson L, Brayne C, Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Collaboration. A two-decade comparison of prevalence of dementia in individuals aged 65 years and older from three geographical areas of England: results of the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study I and II. Lancet. 2013;382(9902):1405–12.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Qiu C, von Strauss E, Backman L, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. Twenty-year changes in dementia occurrence suggest decreasing incidence in central Stockholm. Sweden. Neurology. 2013;80(20):1888–94.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chan KY, Wang W, Wu JJ, Liu L, Theodoratou E, Car J, Middleton L, Russ TC, Deary IJ, Campbell H, et al. Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia in China, 1990-2010: a systematic review and analysis. Lancet. 2013;381(9882):2016–23.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Korczyn AD. Mixed dementia--the most common cause of dementia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;977:129–34.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kivimaki M, Singh-Manoux A. Prevention of dementia by targeting risk factors. Lancet. 2018;391(10130):1574–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Warren JD, Bamiou DE. Prevention of dementia by targeting risk factors. Lancet. 2018;391(10130):1575.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Smith BJ, Ali S, Quach H. Public knowledge and beliefs about dementia risk reduction: a national survey of Australians. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:661.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
O'Donnell CA, Manera V, Kohler S, Irving K. Promoting modifiable risk factors for dementia: is there a role for general practice? Br J Gen Pract. 2015;65(640):567–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sumowski JF, Rocca MA, Leavitt VM, Riccitelli G, Comi G, DeLuca J, Filippi M. Brain reserve and cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis: what you've got and how you use it. Neurology. 2013;80(24):2186–93.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cabeza R, Albert M, Belleville S, Craik FIM, Duarte A, Grady CL, Lindenberger U, Nyberg L, Park DC, Reuter-Lorenz PA, et al. Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2018;19(11):701–10.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Drummond E, Wisniewski T. Alzheimer's disease: experimental models and reality. Acta Neuropathol. 2017;133(2):155–75.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar