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Table 4 The number of modeling studies compared to the WHO and CDC lists of important AMR threats.

From: Population-level mathematical modeling of antimicrobial resistance: a systematic review

Pathogen

WHO category

CDC category

AMR models

References

Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenem-resistant

C1

C1

1

[156]

Enterobacteriaceae, ESBL-producing

C1

C2

3

[141, 157, 158]

Acinetobacter baumannii, carbapenem- or multidrug-resistant

C1

C2

4

[158,159,160,161]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, carbapenem-or multidrug-resistant

C1

C2

2

[139, 158]

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, cephalosporin- or fluoroquinolone-resistant

C2

C1

6

[162,163,164,165,166,167]

Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant

C2

C2

65

[22, 31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38, 151, 158, 168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221]

Enterococcus faecium, vancomycin-resistant

C2

C2

10

[158, 202, 222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229]

Campylobacter spp., fluoroquinolone-resistant

C2

C2

2

[229, 230]

Salmonellae, (Typhi and non-typhoidal), fluoroquinolone-resistant

C2

C2

2

[231, 232]

Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-intermediate and resistant

C2

C3

Helicobacter pylori

C2

Haemophilus influenzae, ampicillin-resistant

C3

Streptococcus pneumoniae, penicillin-non-susceptible

C3

C2

12

[37, 233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240]

Shigella spp., fluoroquinolone-resistant

C3

C2

1

[241]

Clostridium difficile

C1

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, MDR, XDR

C2

43

[19, 20, 30, 39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54, 242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265]

Fluconazole-resistant Candida

C2

Streptococcus agalactiae, clindamycin-resistant group B MDR, XDR

C3

Streptococcus pyogenes, erythromycin-resistant group A MDR, XDR

C3

  1. The pathogens that pose the greatest threat to human health according to the WHO and the top drug-resistant threats in the USA according to the CDC. Category 1 (C1) threats are described as “Critical” (WHO) or “Urgent” (CDC); category 2 (C2) as “High” (WHO) or “Serious” (CDC); and category 3 (C3) as “Medium” (WHO) or “Concerning” (CDC).