Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis
Author | Study location | Study name | Mean baseline age (years) | No. of participants | No. of diabetes | Ascertainment of diabetes | Outcome | Mean follow-up years | Maximum adjustment available |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jousilahti et al. 1999 [17] | Finland | Pekka et al-Finnish | 44.4 | 14,786 | NA | Self-reported | CHD mortality | NA | Age, study year, area, smoking, HDL, HDL/cholesterol ratio, SBP, BMI |
Oba et al. 2008 [18] | Japan | Takayama study | 54.6 | 29,079 | 1217 | Self-reported | All-cause mortality, cancer mortality, CVD mortality, CHD mortality, stroke mortality | 7 | Age, smoking, BMI, physical activity, length of education in years, history of hypertension, total energy intake, intake of vegetables, fat, and alcohol |
Hu et al. 2005 [19] | Finland | Kuopio and North Karelia study | 44.3 | 50,281 | 962 | Self-reported | All-cause mortality, CVD mortality, CHD mortality, stroke mortality | 17.2 | Age, study year, BMI, SBP, TC, smoking |
Madssen et al. 2012 [20] | Norway | HUNT 1 study | 74.6 | 47,586 | 2421 | Self-reported, measured | CHD mortality | NA | Age, BMI, hypertension, CVD, smoking, physical activity |
DECODE Study Group 2001 [21] | Europe | DECODE Study | 53.2 | 22,514 | 1807 | Self-reported, measured | All-cause mortality, CVD mortality, CHD mortality, stroke mortality | 8.8 | Age, center, TC, BMI, SBP, smoking |
Keli et al. 1993 [22] | USA | Charleston Heart Study | 50 | 2181 | NA | Self-reported | All-cause mortality, CHD mortality | 30 | Age, SBP, serum cholesterol, smoking, BMI, years of education, history of diabetes |
Friberg et al. 2004 [23] | Denmark | Copenhagen City Heart Study | 58.4 | 29,310 | 1072 | Self-reported, measured | CVD mortality | 4.7 | Age, AF, arterial hypertension, SBP, MI, ELVH, smoking, FEV2 |
VR et al. 1996 [24] | Pacific island nation of Fiji | NA | 50.5 | 2546 | 2638 | Self-reported, measured | All-cause mortality, CVD mortality, CHD mortality, stroke mortality | 11 | Age, SBP, BMI, TC, smoking, survey area |
Bozorgmanesh et al. 2011 [25] | Iran | Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study | 47 | 6331 | 897 | Self-reported, measured | All-cause mortality | 8.6 | Age, smoking, SBP, WC, TC, TG, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, CVD, intervention |
Kleinman et al. 1988 [26] | USA | First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey | 58.1 | 7381 | 407 | Self-reported, measured | All-cause mortality, CVD mortality, CHD mortality | 10 | Age, SBP, serum cholesterol, BMI, smoking |
Magliano et al. 2010 [27] | Mauritius | NA | 40.9 | 9559 | NA | Self-reported, measured | All-cause mortality, CVD mortality | 15 | Age, WC, HIP, smoking, hypertension, ethnicity, CVD, education, HDL-C, TG, TC |
Elizabeth et al. 1991 [28] | USA | The Rancho Bernardo Study | 61.9 | 2471 | 334 | Self-reported, measured | CHD mortality | 14.4 | Age, SBP, cholesterol, BMI, smoking |
Fraser et al. 1992 [29] | USA | The Adventist Health Study | 52.8 | 27,658 | NA | Self-reported | CHD mortality | 6 | Age, hypertension, smoking, physical activity, BMI |
Sievers et al. 1992 [30] | India | NA | 49.5 | 5131 | 1266 | Measured | All-cause mortality, cancer mortality, IHD mortality, stroke mortality, infections mortality | 10 | Age |
Seeman et al. 1993 [31] | USA | The New Haven EPESE cohort | NA | 2812 | 386 | Self-reported | CHD mortality | 6 | Age, education, BMI, smoking, alcohol, vegetable intake, red meat intake, physical activity, aspirin use |
Campbell et al. 2012 [6] | USA | Cancer Prevention Study-II | NA | 1,053,831 | 52,655 | Self-reported | All-cause mortality, cancer mortality, CVD mortality, CHD mortality, stroke mortality, respiratory system mortality, infections mortality | 26 | Age, high blood pressure, BMI, smoking, elevated serum cholesterol, elevated serum triglycerides, elevated serum uric acid, IGT, obesity, hyperuricemia |
Wang et al. 2012 [32] | Taiwan | Taiwan Survey of Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, and Hyperlipidemia | 45.6 | 4289 | 335 | Measured | All-cause mortality, CVD mortality | 7.7 | Age, education, marital status, housing tenure, car ownership |
Natarajan et al. 2003 [33] | USA | Framingham Heart Study and the Framingham Offspring Study | 52.2 | 5243 | 229 | Measured | CHD mortality | 20 | Age, chest pain on exertion, BP, use of anti-hypertensive medication, smoking, BMI |
Vilbergsson et al. 1998 [34] | Iceland | The Reykjavik Study | 52.8 | 18,912 | 477 | Self-reported, measured | All-cause mortality, CVD mortality | 17 | Age strata, CAD, stroke, BMI, alcohol, smoking, betel nut chewing, physical activity, income |
Qvist et al. 1996 [35] | Sweden | NA | 59.1 | 5306 | NA | Self-reported | CVD mortality, stroke mortality | 10 | Age, smoking, hypertension, TC, HDL-C, BMI |
Tunstall-Pedoe et al. 1997 [36] | England | Edinburgh and north Glasgow MONICA population surveys | 49.5 | 11,629 | NA | Self-reported | All-cause mortality, CHD mortality | 7.6 | Age, smoking, BMI, hypertension, TC, TG, calendar year |
Nilsson et al. 1998 [37] | Sweden | Swedish Annual Level-of-Living Survey | NA | 39,055 | 776 | Self-reported | All-cause mortality, CVD mortality, CHD mortality, stroke mortality | 16 | Age |
Imazu et al. 2002 [38] | USA | The Hawaii-Los Angeles-Hiroshima study | 60.9 | 927 | 169 | Measured | CVD mortality, CHD mortality | 14 | Age, BMI, serum uric acid, TC, TG, hypertension, ECG (abnormal Q), ECG (ST-T changes), smoking |
Hart et al. 1999 [39] | England | The Renfrew/Paisley general population study | NA | 15,406 | NA | Self-reported | Stroke mortality | 20 | Age, DBP, smoking, FEV1, height, BMI, diabetes, preexisting CHD |
Bragg et al. 2014 [40] | China | The China Kadoorie Biobank | 51.5 | 512,869 | 512,869 | Self-reported Measured | All-cause mortality, cancer mortality, IHD mortality, stroke mortality, respiratory disease mortality, infections mortality | 7 | Age, geographic area, education, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, BMI. |
Kato et al. 2015 [41] | Japan | Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study | 50.2 | 99,584 | 4286 | Self-reported | All-cause mortality, cancer mortality, IHD mortality, stroke mortality | 20 | Age, BMI, alcohol, smoking, hypertension, physical activity, area |
Johansen et al. 1987 [42] | Canada | The Nutrition Canada survey | NA | 8094 | NA | Self-reported | All-cause mortality | 10 | Age, respondent status, smoking, DBP, history of diabetes or presence of glucose in the urine, BMI, serum cholesterol level, alcohol consumption |
Suemoto et al. 2014 [43] | Brazil | The SABE Study | 71 | 1882 | 312 | Self-reported | All-cause mortality | 7 | Age, race, marital status, years of education, childhood socioeconomic status, occupation, income, heart disease, lung disease, stroke, arthritis, depressive symptoms, alcohol, smoking, BMI, physical activity, frailty, nutritional status, year of entry in the study |
Jee et al. 2005 [44] | Korea | The National Health Insurance Corp | 46.9 | 1,298,358 | 62,924 | Self-reported, measured | All-cause mortality, all-cancer mortality | 10 | Age, age squared, smoking, alcohol |
Fraser et al. 1997 [45] | Spain | Non-Hispanic white Seventh-Day Adventists from California | NA | 603 | NA | Self-reported | All-cause mortality, CHD mortality | 12 | Age, smoking, physical activity, nuts per week, fruit per day, bread, sweet desserts per week, beef per week, fish per week |
Moe et al. 2013 [46] | Norway | HUNT 2 | 46.5 | 53,587 | 1195 | Self-reported, measured | CVD mortality | 12 | Age, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, education, BMI, SBP, TC |
Liu et al. 2011 [47] | USA | The LSOA II study | 80 | 9246 | NA | Self-reported | All-cause mortality | 8 | Age, marital status, living arrangement, educational attainments, hypertension, CHD, stroke |
Vimalananda et al. 2014 [48] | USA | The Cardiovascular Health Study | 72.6 | 4817 | 681 | Self-reported, measured | All-cause mortality | 12.5 | Age, clinical site, HDL-C, LDL-C, SBP, anti-hypertensive medication use, CRP |
Eichner et al. 2010 [49] | USA | The Strong Heart Study | 56 | 4293 | 265 | Self-reported, measured | CVD mortality | 17 | Age, BMI, LDL-C, HDL-C, physical activity, hypertension, diabetes, macro- and microalbuminuria |
Bozorgmanesh et al. 2012 [50] | Iran | The Tehran lipid and glucose study | 33.3 | 8795 | 1449 | Self-reported, measured | All-cause mortality, CVD mortality | 9 | Age, smoking, SBP, using antihypertensive drugs, TC, HDL-C |
Moe et al. 2013 [51] | Norway | HUNT 1 study | 47.9 | 56,170 | 1105 | Self-reported | CVD mortality, IHD mortality | 24 | Age, birth, smoking, education, alcohol, SBP, BMI, physical activity |
Kakehi et al. 2014 [52] | Japan | The Jichi Medical School Cohort Study | 55.1 | 11,998 | 2706 | Measured | All-cause mortality, cancer mortality, CVD mortality, stroke mortality | 10.7 | Age, BMI, SBP, TC, HDL-C, TC, smoking, alcohol |
Shen et al. 2014 [53] | China | Elderly health centers in Hong Kong | 69.5 | 66,820 | 9225 | Self-reported | All-cause mortality, cancer mortality, CVD mortality, IHD mortality, stroke mortality, respiratory disease mortality, infectious disease mortality | 12.5 | Age, alcohol, smoking, physical activity, education, housing, monthly expenditure |
Hiltunen et al. 2005 [54] | Finland | Kempele, Oulunsalo and Hailuoto study | 76 | 379 | 98 | Self-reported, measured | All-cause mortality | 9.8 | Age, BMI, CVD, hypertension, physical activity, self-rated health |
Gordon-Dseagu et al. 2014 [55] | England | The Health Survey for England or Scottish Health Survey | 47 | 204,533 | 7199 | Self-reported | All-cause mortality, cancer mortality, CVD mortality | 10 | Age, sex, smoking, BMI |
Yeh et al. 2012 [56] | USA | The CLUE II (Give Us a Clue to Cancer and Heart Disease) cohort | 51.8 | 18,280 | 599 | Treated diabetes | All-cancer mortality | 17 | Age, BMI, smoking, education level, hypertension treatment, and high cholesterol treatment, menopausal status, history of use of oral contraceptives, history of use of hormone replacement therapy |
Chen et al. 2017 [57] | Asia | The ACC | 53.9 | 771,297 | NA | Self-reported | All-cancer mortality | 12.7 | Age, BMI, smoking, alcohol, educational attainment, urban residence |
Zhou et al. 2010 [58] | Europe | The DECODE study | 53.4 | 44,655 | NA | Self-reported, measured | All-cancer mortality | 21.4 | Age, study cohort, BMI, SBP, cholesterol, smoking |
Drake et al. 2017 [59] | Sweden | The MDCS | 57.9 | 26,953 | 21,940 | Self-reported | Cancer mortality | 17 | Age, calendar year of study entry, height, smoking, physical activity, alcohol, educational level, past food habit change, hypertension, use of lipid-age, lowering drugs, family history of cancer, BMI |
Preis et al. 2009 [60] | USA | The Framingham Heart Study | 58.1 | 10,333 | NA | Self-reported, measured | All-cause mortality, CVD mortality | 25 | Age |
NHIS | USA | NHIS | 46.8 | 339,113 | 26,039 | Self-reported | All-cause mortality, cancer mortality, CVD mortality, stroke mortality | 6.6 | Age, race, BMI, smoking, drinking, education level, hypertension, physical activity, marital status, CVD, cancer |
Natarajan et al. 2005 [61] | USA | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study | 52.4 | 10,871 | 539 | Measured | CHD mortality | NA | Age, race, smoking, hypertension, serum cholesterol level, body mass index |
Hirakawa et al. 2017 [62] | Japan | EPOCH-JAPAN study | 58.2 | 38,854 | 1867 | Measured | All-cause mortality, CVD mortality, CHD mortality, stroke mortality | 10.3 | Age, SBP, serum total cholesterol, BMI, current smoking status, habitual alcohol intake |
Alegre-DÃaz et al. 2016 [63] | Mexico | Mexico City Study | 51.7 | 146,046 | 17,411 | Self-reported | All-cause mortality | 12 | Age, smoking, district, education level, height, weight, WC, Hip |