Unravelling the complex nature of resilience factors and their changes between early and later adolescence

Table 2 Sample comparisons: CA+ (n = 638) versus CA− (n = 501) groups

	CA+	CA−	t^1/z^2/X^2*3 (DF)	95% CI^*4	p
Gender	n girls = 358	n girls = 262	1.50 (1)		.22
Gender	n boys = 280	n boys = 239	1.50 (1)		.22
SES^*5	n hard pressed = 77	n hard pressed = 30	5.45		< .001
	n moderate means = 36	n moderate means = 11
	n comfortably off = 170	n comfortably off = 105
	n urban prosperity = 37	n urban prosperity = 41
	n wealthy achievers = 318	n wealthy achievers = 314
Age 14
Age	M = 14.49, SD = 0.28	M = 14.48, SD = 0.28	− 0.43 (1049.3)	− .04 to .03	.67
Psychiatric history (PH)^*6	n PH = 201	n PH = 74	42 (1)		< .001
Psychiatric history (PH)^*6	n no-PH = 437	n no-PH = 427	42 (1)		< .001
Depression symptoms	M = 17.42, SD = 11.61	M = 14.03, SD = 10.46	− 5.10 (1088.5)	− 4.69 to − 2.09	< .001
Anxiety symptoms	M = 16.92, SD = 12.61	M = 13.92, SD = 11.28	− 4.17 (1089.2)	− 4.42 to − 1.59	< .001
Age 17
Age	M = 17.49, SD = 0.34	M = 17.48, SD = 0.32	− 0.56 (1017.5)	−.05 to .03	.58
PH^*6	n PH = 268	n PH = 122	48.48 (1)		< .001
PH^*6	n no-PH = 297	n no-PH = 345	48.48 (1)		< .001
Depression symptoms	M = 16.36, SD = 12.27	M = 12.38, SD = 10.19	− 5.51 (967.61)	− 5.39 to − 2.56	< .001
Anxiety symptoms	M = 15.02, SD = 12.72	M = 11.53, SD = 10.96	− 4.58 (967.76)	−4.98 to − 1.99	< .001

Note. CA childhood adversity, SES socio-economic status. ^*1We applied Welsh’s two-tailed independent sample t test to account for potentially unequal variances across groups. ^*2As SES was split in five ordered categories, we applied the two-tailed Asymptotic Cochran-Armitage test [28]. ^*3We applied two-tailed Pearson’s chi-square tests. ^*4The confidence interval (CI) for the difference in location estimates, corresponding to the alternative hypothesis. ^*5SES was assessed with the ACORN classification system (http://www.caci.co.uk) [29]. ^*6Psychiatric history was assessed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (Present and Lifetime Version), at age 14 additionally including learning disabilities, clinical sub-threshold diagnoses, and deliberate self-harm, and at age 17 additionally including clinical sub-threshold diagnoses and deliberate self-harm [30]

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