Fig. 3

Gut bacterial characteristics at the baseline and main differences between controls and diseased subjects.a Relative abundance of the main bacterial phyla in the control group. b Relative abundance of the main bacterial phyla in diseased group. c Differences (P < 0.05) in Cyanobacteria between controls (C) and diseased (D) subjects; data are expressed as absolute abundance (number of OTUs). d Bacterial groups classified at family level showing significant differences (P < 0.05) between controls (C) and diseased (D) subjects. e Differences (P < 0.05) in α-diversity Chao1 index between diseased (D) and controls (C). f Differences (P < 0.05) in α-diversity Chao1 index in ALS patients subgrouped for their ALSFRS-R scale values (HFRS ≥ 35, LFRS < 35). g PCoA representing β-diversity among individuals at baseline (controls = red, ALS subjects = blue)