The impact and causal directions for the associations between diagnosis of ADHD, socioeconomic status, and intelligence by use of a bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization design

Table 2 MR-CAUSE analysis associating the liability for one standard deviation increase in attained educational level, household income, Townsend deprivation index, and intelligence with the odds of ADHD

Model 1^a	Model 2^a	Δ ELPD^b	s.e. Δ ELPD	z-score	p-value
Education (SNPs=3733)
Null	Sharing	−120.0	13	−8.7	2.0e−18
Null	Causal	−120.0	14	−8.6	3.0e−18
Sharing	Causal	−7.3	1.2	−6.2	2.1e−10
Income (SNPs =73)
Null	Sharing	−3.6	1.5	−2.5	0.007
Null	Causal	−9.7	3.4	−2.9	0.0022
Sharing	Causal	−6.1	2.1	−3.0	0.0015
TDI (SNPs =27)
Null	Sharing	−0.31	0.45	−0.70	0.24
Null	Causal	−1.60	2.2	−0.74	0.23
Sharing	Causal	−1.30	1.8	−0.73	0.23
Intelligence (SNPs=2945)
Null	Sharing	−25.0	5.7	−4.4	5.5e−06
Null	Causal	−31.0	7.1	−4.4	5.2e−06
Sharing	Causal	−5.9	1.4	−4.1	1.8e−05

^aModel 1 and Model 2 refer to the models being compared (null, sharing, or causal)
^bModel fit is measured by Δ Expected Log Pointwise Posterior Density (ELPD); Negative values indicate that model 2 is a better fit

ISSN: 1741-7015