Fig. 1

The characterization of atorvastatin-pretreated bone marrow MSC-derived EVs (MSC^ATV-EV) in rats. A The schematic protocol of EVs isolated from rat bone marrow MSCs with or without ATV pretreatment. B Flow cytometry analysis of surface markers on rat bone marrow MSCs. C Morphology of MSCs treated with DMSO or ATV under the microscope. D Transmission electron microscopy scanning for the morphology of EVs. E Western blot analysis for the protein markers of EVs. F Western blot analysis for the protein expressions of Arg1 (a marker of M2 macrophages) and iNOS (a marker of M1 macrophages) in rat BMDMs treated with different concentrations (2 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL, 40 μg/mL) of MSC-EV or MSC^ATV-EV for 24 h. G Western blot analysis for the protein expressions of Arg1 and iNOS in rat BMDMs stimulated with LPS for 6 h and then incubated with 40 μg/mL MSC-EV or MSC^ATV-EV for another 48 h. Arg1, arginase 1; ATV, atorvastatin; BMDMs, bone marrow-derived macrophages; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; EV, extracellular vesicle; IMDM, Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Medium; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells