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Table 3 Associations between all-cause and cause-specific mortality (hazard ratios, 95% confidence intervals)a and 8-year change in flavodiet score

From: Change in habitual intakes of flavonoid-rich foods and mortality in US males and females

 

8-year change in intake levels, serving/wk

 
  

Decrease

   

Increase

  
 

7.0 or more

4.0–6.9

1.0–3.9

No change (± 0.9)

1.0–3.9

4.0–6.9

7.0 or more

Ptrend

All-cause mortality

 NHS

  Model 2b

1.10 (1.03, 1.17)

1.01 (0.94, 1.08)

0.96 (0.91, 1.01)

1.00

0.95 (0.90, 1.01)

0.97 (0.91, 1.03)

0.95 (0.90, 1.01)

 

 HPFS

  Model 2b

1.11 (1.02, 1.21)

1.00 (0.91, 1.09)

0.90 (0.83, 0.97)

1.00

0.99 (0.92, 1.06)

0.99 (0.91, 1.07)

0.98 (0.91, 1.06)

 

 Pooledc

1.10 (1.05, 1.16)

1.00 (0.95, 1.06)

0.94 (0.90, 0.98)

1.00

0.97 (0.93, 1.01)

0.97 (0.92, 1.02)

0.96 (0.92, 1.01)

< 0.0001

Cardiovascular mortality

 NHS

  Model 2b

1.09 (0.95, 1.24)

0.98 (0.85, 1.12)

1.02 (0.91, 1.14)

1.00

0.91 (0.80, 1.02)

0.96 (0.84, 1.10)

0.94 (0.84, 1.07)

 

 HPFS

  Model 2b

1.13 (0.96, 1.32)

1.09 (0.92, 1.28)

0.93 (0.81, 1.06)

1.00

1.00 (0.87, 1.14)

1.12 (0.97, 1.30)

1.01 (0.88, 1.16)

 

 Pooledc

1.10 (0.99, 1.22)

1.02 (0.92, 1.14)

0.98 (0.90, 1.07)

1.00

0.94 (0.86, 1.03)

1.03 (0.93, 1.14)

0.97 (0.89, 1.07)

0.11

Cancer mortality

 NHS

        

  Model 2b

0.99 (0.87, 1.14)

1.03 (0.90, 1.18)

0.94 (0.84, 1.05)

1.00

1.01 (0.91, 1.13)

0.96 (0.84, 1.10)

0.97 (0.86, 1.09)

 

 HPFS

  Model 2b

1.01 (0.85, 1.19)

0.85 (0.71, 1.01)

0.78 (0.67, 0.90)

1.00

0.95 (0.83, 1.08)

0.94 (0.80, 1.09)

0.92 (0.80, 1.05)

 

 Pooledc

1.00 (0.90, 1.11)

0.96 (0.86, 1.07)

0.87 (0.80, 0.95)

1.00

0.98 (0.90, 1.07)

0.95 (0.86, 1.05)

0.95 (0.87, 1.03)

0.73

Respiratory mortality

 NHS

  Model 2b

1.15 (0.93, 1.43)

1.05 (0.84, 1.31)

0.87 (0.72, 1.04)

1.00

0.90 (0.76, 1.08)

1.18 (0.96, 1.45)

1.01 (0.83, 1.22)

 

 HPFS

  Model 2b

1.30 (0.94, 1.78)

0.94 (0.67, 1.32)

1.03 (0.79, 1.34)

1.00

0.97 (0.74, 1.27)

0.92 (0.66, 1.26)

1.00 (0.76, 1.31)

 

 Pooledc

1.20 (1.00, 1.44)

1.01 (0.84, 1.22)

0.92 (0.79, 1.07)

1.00

0.92 (0.79, 1.08)

1.09 (0.92, 1.30)

1.00 (0.86, 1.18)

0.15

Neurological mortality

 NHS

  Model 2b

1.09 (0.94, 1.28)

0.93 (0.79, 1.07)

0.98 (0.86, 1.12)

1.00

0.93 (0.81, 1.06)

0.91 (0.77, 1.07)

0.98 (0.85, 1.13)

 

 HPFS

  Model 2b

1.33 (1.01, 1.77)

0.97 (0.72, 1.31)

0.90 (0.70, 1.15)

1.00

1.09 (0.86, 1.37)

0.84 (0.63, 1.12)

0.92 (0.71, 1.18)

 

 Pooledc

1.14 (1.00, 1.31)

0.94 (0.81, 1.08)

0.96 (0.86, 1.08)

1.00

0.97 (0.86, 1.09)

0.89 (0.78, 1.03)

0.97 (0.85, 1.09)

0.012

  1. aAll hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were calculated using Cox proportional hazard model. HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study
  2. bModel 2 was adjusted for age, time periods, ethnicity, change in smoking status, a family history of myocardial infarction, diabetes and cancer, multivitamin use, aspirin use, history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes, baseline physical activity, change in physical activity, baseline BMI, change in BMI, baseline intakes of each flavonoid-rich food combined to create the flavodiet score, and both baseline and change in intakes of alcohol, total energy, meat, nuts, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, trans-fat, cereal fibre, and soft drink
  3. cResults of model 2 from both cohorts were pooled using a fixed-effects meta-analysis
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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