Table 1 Characteristics of participants

Baseline

 N

410

118

160

96

 Age (years)

72.66 ± 6.95

75.21 ± 6.74

71.73 ± 7.20

73.14 ± 6.99

0.098 (62,667.0) (0.003)

< 0.001 (18,464.5) (0.029)

0.167 (6888.0) (0.007)

 Gender (male %)

47.10

44.10

51.20

59.40

0.854 (0.034) (0.007)

0.564 (0.333) (0.025)

0.206 (1.596) (0.079)

 Education (years)

16.65 ± 2.62

15.98 ± 2.65

15.99 ± 2.62

15.98 ± 2.61

0.016 (60,552.5) (0.007)

0.032 (21,101.0) (0.008)

0.723 (7479.5) (0.000)

 APOE (ε4%)

42.20

56.80

37.50

60.40

0.866 (0.028) (0.002)

0.005 (7.861) (0.122)

< 0.001 (12.682) (0.223)

 MMSE

28.69 ± 1.55

27.34 ± 1.93

28.48 ± 1.57

27.64 ± 1.75

0.030 (61,286.5) (0.006)

< 0.001 (14,213.5) (0.088)

< 0.001 (5480.0) (0.057)

 ADAS-cog

12.54 ± 5.80

19.33 ± 7.40

12.23 ± 5.94

18.53 ± 7.53

0.315 (64,597.5) (0.001)

< 0.001 (11,618.5) (0.140)

< 0.001 (4001.5) (0.161)

 FAQ

1.00 ± 2.38

3.55 ± 4.49

2.03 ± 3.47

4.88 ± 5.16

< 0.001 (48,915.0) (0.050)

< 0.001 (13,948.0) (0.093)

< 0.001 (4728.5) (0.103)

 ADNI-MEM

0.75 ± 0.69

 − 0.04 ± 0.67

0.62 ± 0.72

0.03 ± 0.68

0.001 (57,652.5) (0.014)

< 0.001 (10,177.5) (0.174)

< 0.001 (4280.0) (0.137)

 MoCA

25.12 ± 2.92 (n = 335)

22.15 ± 2.77 (n = 59)

24.17 ± 3.10 (n = 126)

21.72 ± 2.93 (n = 58)

< 0.001 (27,283.5) (0.04)

< 0.001 (4464.5) (0.115)

< 0.001 (2095.0) (0.117)

 Blood neutrophil (%)

60.48 ± 8.02 (n = 373)

62.00 ± 8.11 (n = 110)

60.47 ± 8.14 (n = 152)

64.06 ± 7.71 (n = 85)

0.850 (53,639.5) (0.003)

0.325 (18,143.0) (0.007)

0.010 (4929.0) (0.039)

 CSF AD biomarker

  N

405

111

159

96

  Aβ₄₂ (pg/ml)

1072.77 ± 452.07

705.17 ± 309.98

1044.35 ± 425.88

795.27 ± 395.27

1.070 (62,172.5) (0.002)

< 0.001 (11,012.5) (0.132)

< 0.001 (4617.5) (0.109)

  t-tau (pg/ml)

238.35 ± 97.56

332.46 ± 115.14

231.89 ± 98.38

309.56 ± 123.64

0.915 (65,478.0) (0.000)

< 0.001 (11,534.5) (0.120)

< 0.001 (4596.0) (0.111)

  p-tau (pg/ml)

22.32 ± 11.03

33.20 ± 12.84

21.71 ± 10.69

30.41 ± 14.13

1.018 (65,104.0) (0.000)

< 0.001 (10,913.5) (0.134)

< 0.001 (4594.5) (0.111)

 CSF inflammation factor

  N

64

57

32

36

  TNFR2 (pg/ml)

1109.51.88 ± 636.53

1054.94 ± 308.02

948.15 ± 223.47

1091.54 ± 238.77

0.731 (3877.5) (0.002)

1.136 (1802.0) (0.000)

0.025 (347.0) (0.116)

  TGFβ1 (pg/ml)

103.05 ± 30.40

104.31 ± 51.18

91.48 ± 27.43

119.11 ± 40.22

0.951 (4092.0) (0.000)

0.927 (1710.5) (0.003)

0.020 (327.5) (0.137)

  ICAM1 (pg/ml)

369.10 ± 171.99

368.52 ± 166.55

310.57 ± 193.74

439.62 ± 253.14

0.488 (3646.5) (0.009)

1.019 (1804.0) (0.000)

0.020 (353.0) (0.110)

  VCAM1 (ng/ml)

40.57 ± 17.52

47.25 ± 29.34

32.73 ± 11.53

42.30 ± 16.57

0.860 (3464.5) (0.017)

1.267 (1625.0) (0.009)

0.015 (353.0) (0.110)

  TNFR1 (pg/ml)

879.43 ± 198.76

877.24 ± 253.18

800.46 ± 149.88

899.37 ± 210.30

0.797 (3858.0) (0.003)

1.006 (1695.0) (0.004)

0.095 (421.0) (0.053)

  TGFβ2 (pg/ml)

156.04 ± 48.94

157.58 ± 50.13

149.73 ± 29.19

180.65 ± 57.13

0.620 (3637.0) (0.009)

0.944 (1810.5) (0.000)

0.052 (395.0) (0.073)

  TGFβ3 (pg/ml)

9.06 ± 24.88

9.46 ± 24.74

6.27 ± 19.76

11.10 ± 27.89

0.824 (3818.0) (0.004)

0.375 (1482.0) (0.026)

0.439 (493.0) (0.015)

  IL21 (pg/ml)

11.71 ± 11.50

11.86 ± 10.60

13.66 ± 15.37

10.69 ± 10.09

1.024 (4078.5) (0.000)

0.854 (1722.5) (0.002)

1.024 (568.0) (0.000)

  IL7 (pg/ml)

1.13 ± 1.26

1.69 ± 3.22

1.18 ± 0.85

1.26 ± 1.13

1.115 (4065.0) (0.000)

0.550 (1455.0) (0.030)

0.922 (568.0) (0.000)

  IL6 (pg/ml)

5.64 ± 6.55

5.17 ± 3.13

5.21 ± 6.22

4.78 ± 3.89

0.770 (3599.0) (0.011)

1.128 (1679.0) (0.005)

0.995 (555.0) (0.001)

Annual rate of change

 N

70

58

33

37

 Left hippocampus

1.02 ± 2.03

 − 1.02 ± 2.52

1.60 ± 2.44

 − 1.36 ± 3.15

1.402 (4332.0) (0.001)

< 0.001 (1065.0) (0.167)

< 0.001 (266.0) (0.235)

 Right hippocampus

1.03 ± 3.14

 − 0.68 ± 2.97

1.68 ± 4.30

 − 1.73 ± 4.12

0.971 (4466.0) (0.000)

0.001 (1357.0) (0.081)

< 0.001 (291.0) (0.202)

2-year follow-up

 N

319

102

138

87

 MMSE

28.48 ± 1.92

24.91 ± 4.19

28.43 ± 1.81

25.62 ± 3.25

0.038 (42,882.0) (0.006)

< 0.001 (7112.5) (0.174)

< 0.001 (2664.0) (0.219)

 ADAS-cog

11.95 ± 6.58

24.12 ± 11.44

11.82 ± 7.11

21.75 ± 10.28

0.306 (44,618.5) (0.002)

< 0.001 (5560.0) (0.238)

< 0.001 (2608.5) (0.226)

 FAQ

1.02 ± 2.74

8.58 ± 8.16

2.50 ± 4.02

9.74 ± 8.66

< 0.001 (32,890.0) (0.057)

< 0.001 (5845.5) (0.226)

< 0.001 (2874.0) (0.192)

 ADNI-MEM

0.84 ± 0.79 (n = 256)

 − 0.36 ± 0.89 (n = 86)

0.78 ± 0.82 (n = 136)

 − 0.23 ± 0.88 (n = 82)

0.052 (33,646.0) (0.007)

< 0.001 (3550.5) (0.258)

< 0.001 (2155.0) (0.264)

 MoCA

25.40 ± 3.24 (n = 258)

20.00 ± 4.33 (n = 49)

24.78 ± 3.03 (n = 105)

20.78 ± 4.55 (n = 51)

0.002 (19,845.5) (0.02)

< 0.001 (1842.0) (0.201)

< 0.001 (1297.0) (0.174)