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Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies investigating associations between breastfeeding and schizophrenia

From: Association of breastfeeding with mental disorders in mother and child: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study

Country

Sample size (cases)

Outcome criteria

Age at outcome assessment, years

Exposure

Reference

Crude OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Adjusted variables

NOS scorea

Case–control studies

 Hartog 2007 [28]

South Africa

100 (50)

DSM-IV

21.7 ± 8.6

Ever

Never

0.58 (0.23–1.46)

NR

NA

6

 Amore 2003 [30]

Italy

366 (113)

DSM-IV

Axis I Disorders (SCID-I)

eBF ≥ 4 months 22.1 ± 6.3

Others

20.8 ± 4.9

Ever

Never

0.91 (0.43–1.94)

NRb

Age, sex, birth weight, severity of the disease, birth order

6

eBF ≥ 4 months

eBF < 4 months

1.21 (0.69–2.13)

eBF ≥ 4 months

Never

0.99 (0.44–2.23)

 Sasaki 2000 [29]

Japan

300 (100)

DSM-IV

Cases:

M: 49 ± 16

F: 32 ± 9

Controls:

M: 50 ± 16

F: 31 ± 10

Ever

Never

1.59 (0.74–3.4)

NR

NA

6

eBF ≥ 1 month

BF ≤ 1 month or never

0.9 (0.56–1.46)

eBF ≥ 1 month

Never

1.43 (0.65–3.15)

eBF ≥ 3 month

BF ≤ 3 months or never

1.13 (0.7–1.83)

 McCreadi 1997e [37]

United Kingdom

137 (45)

ICD-9

NR

Ever

Never

0.66 (0.31–1.43)

NR

NR

7

Cohort studies

 Leask 2000 [32]

United Kingdom

NSHD: 4476 (29)

DSM-III

43.6

Ever

Never

0.97 (0.41–2.27)

NR

Gender and social class

8

BF > 1 month

BF < 1 month

0.65 (0.24–1.78)

NR

BF > 1 month

Never

0.89 (0.37–2.16)

0.86 (0.36–2.1)

BF < 1 month

Never

1.36 (0.43–4.32)

1.35 (0.43–4.3)

  

NCDS: 14501 (29)

DSM-III

7, 11, 16, 23, 33d

Ever

Never

1.46 (0.62–3.42)

NR

Gender and social class

 

BF > 1 month

BF < 1 month

1 (0.42–2.4)

NR

BF > 1 month

Never

1.46 (0.59–3.62)

2.03 (0.73–5.7)

BF < 1 month

Never

1.46 (0.53–4.02)

1.99 (0.65–6.1)

 Sorensen 2005 [38]

Denmark

6841 (93)

ICD-8 code 295 or ICD-10 code F20

NRc

≤ 2 weeks

 > 2 weeks

1.80 (1.18–2.75)

1.75 (1.14–2.68)

Gender, parental social status at 1 year of age

8

        

1.73 (1.13–2.67)

Maternal schizophrenia, single mother status AND gender, parental social status at 1 year of age

 
  1. F female, M male, NA not applicable, NCDS National Child Development Study, NSHD National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) cohort, NR not reported
  2. aNewcastle Ottawa (NOS) Score: very good = 9–10, good = 7–8, satisfactory = 5–6, unsatisfactory = 0–4
  3. bAuthors reported that no significant associations were found in logistic regression analyses, but numerical results were not presented
  4. cParticipants were recruited between October 1959 and December 1961. Primary outcome was extracted from the Danish Psychiatric Central Register between 1 April 1969 and December 1999
  5. dPatients discharged from psychiatric hospitals between 1974 and 1986 were identified from the Mental Health Enquiry
  6. eMcCreadi et al. used siblings as a control group
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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