Studyb | Country | Sample size (cases) | Outcome criteria | Age at outcome assessment, years | Exposure | Reference | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted variables | NOS scorea |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohort studies | ||||||||||
De Mola 2016 [45] | Brazil | 3657 (438; 127) | MINI GAD | 30 | 1–2.9 months | < 1 month | 0.88 (0.69–1.13) | 0.86 (0.64–1.16) | Sex, ancestry, birth weight, maternal age, maternal education, marital status, previous gestations, income at birth, smoking during pregnancy, type of delivery, assets index, mother nerve problems, father living together and father history of psychiatric illness | 4 |
3–5.9 months | < 1 month | 0.91 (0.71–1.18) | 1.02 (0.77–1.37) | |||||||
≥ 6 months | < 1 month | 0.81 (0.63–1.03) | 0.79 (0.59–1.06) | |||||||
SAD | 1–2.9 months | < 1 month | 0.72 (0.44–1.17) | 0.61 (0.35–1.08) | ||||||
3–5.9 months | < 1 month | 0.79 (0.49–1.29) | 0.90 (0.52–1.55) | |||||||
≥ 6 months | < 1 month | 0.75 (0.48–1.20) | 0.66 (0.38–1.15) | |||||||
Case–control/cross-sectional | ||||||||||
Orengul 2018 [31] | Turkey | 450 (195) | K-SADS | Cases: 11.50 ± 2.50; controls: ± 11.27–2.33 | Ever | Never | 0.17 (0.05–0.60) | NR | NR | 8 |
Liu 2023 [47] | United Kingdom | 98,702 (19,729) | GAD-7 | > 50 | Ever | Never | 0.77 (0.75–0.80) | MSDP 0.87 (0.82–0.93) NMSDP 0.83 (0.79–0.87) | Sex, age, 10 principle components of population structure, smoking, alcohol use, and Townsend deprivation index | 6 |