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Table 5 Characteristics of the included studies investigating associations between breastfeeding and other psychiatric disorders

From: Association of breastfeeding with mental disorders in mother and child: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study

Country

Sample size (cases)

Outcome criteria

Age at outcome assessment, years

Exposure

Reference

Crude OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Adjusted variables

NOS scorea

Eating disorders

 Iron-Segev 2013 [42]

USA

6251 (1152)

Bulimic behaviours (Female)b

9 − 14

< 4 months

> 9 months

0,9 (0.8–1.1)

0,9 (0.8–1.1)

Gestational age/birthweight, age, age at menarche, maternal eating disorder diagnosis, and maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, adolescent BMI, high weight concern scale and frequent dieting

4

 

4 − 9 months

> 9 months

1.0 (0.9–1.2)

1.0 (0.9–1.2)

 

5542 (168)

Bulimic behaviours (Male)b

 

< 4 months

> 9 months

1.6 (1.1–2.3)

1.5 (1.0–2.3)

 
 

4 − 9 months

> 9 months

1.1 (0.8–1.7)

1.2 (0.8–1.7)

 

6436 (565)

Purging (F)c

 

< 4 months

> 9 months

1.1 (0.9–1.3)

1.1 (0.9–1.3)

 
 

4 − 9 months

> 9 months

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

 

6281 (881)

Binge eating (F)d

 

< 4 months

> 9 months

0.8 (0.7–1.0)

0.8 (0.7–1.0)

 
 

4 − 9 months

> 9 months

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

 

5691 (130)

Binge eating (M)d

 

 < 4 months

> 9 months

1.3 (0.9–2.1)

1.3 (0.8–2.1)

 
 

4 − 9 months

> 9 months

1.0 (0.7–1.6)

1.0 (0.6–1.6)

 

5955 (307)

Self-reported eating disorder (F)

 

< 4 months

> 9 months

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

0.8 (0.6–1.1)

 
 

4 − 9 months

> 9 months

1.0 (0.8–1.3)

1.0 (0.8–1.3)

 

Borderline personality disorder

 Schwarze 2015 [27]

Germany

200 (100)

DSM-IV

31.63 (cases), 32.02 (controls)

Never

Ever

3.32 (1.74, 6.34)

4.68 (1.88, 11.66)

Childhood trauma (CTQ total score), parental monthly income, maternal education, maternal age at child’s birth, maternal mental disorders, unwanted pregnancy, maternal age at birth, length of gestation, birth risk factors, birth complications and subject’s birth weight and size at birth

7

  1. F female, M male, NA not applicable, NCDS National Child Development Study, NSHD National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) cohort, NR not reported, K-SADS Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, MINI-KID Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents
  2. aNewcastle Ottawa (NOS) Score: very good = 9 − 10, good = 7 − 8, satisfactory = 5 − 6, unsatisfactory = 0 − 4
  3. bBulimic behaviours were defined as purging or binge eating at least monthly in the past year
  4. cPurging was defined as using laxatives or force vomiting to lose weight or keep from gaining weight more than one time a month
  5. dBinge eating was defined as eating binge at least once a month and feeling out of control while doing so
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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