Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, Bravata DM, Chimowitz MI, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014;45(7):2160–236.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Smith SC Jr, Allen J, Blair SN, Bonow RO, Brass LM, Fonarow GC, et al. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update: endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Circulation. 2006;113(19):2363–72.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, Mueller C, Valgimigli M, Andreotti F, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: task force for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37(3):267–315.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Cohen M, Steg PG, Storey RF, Jensen EC, et al. Long-term use of ticagrelor in patients with prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(19):1791–800.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA, Brindis RG, Fihn SD, Fleisher LA, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA guideline focused update on duration of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines: an update of the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention, 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 2012 ACC/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease, 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction, 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes, and 2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Circulation. 2016;134(10):e123–55.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, Ahlsson A, Atar D, Casadei B, et al. ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS the task force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESCEndorsed by the European Stroke Organisation (ESO). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016;50(5):e1–e88.
Lip GYH, Banerjee A, Boriani G, Chiang CE, Fargo R, Freedman B, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2018;154(5):1121–201.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Halvorsen S, Storey RF, Rocca B, Sibbing D, Ten Berg J, Grove EL, et al. Management of antithrombotic therapy after bleeding in patients with coronary artery disease and/or atrial fibrillation: expert consensus paper of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Thrombosis. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(19):1455–62.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Niessner A, Tamargo J, Morais J, Koller L, Wassmann S, Husted SE, et al. Reversal strategies for non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants: a critical appraisal of available evidence and recommendations for clinical management-a joint position paper of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Thrombosis. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(22):1710–6.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Li L, Geraghty OC, Mehta Z, Rothwell PM. Age-specific risks, severity, time course, and outcome of bleeding on long-term antiplatelet treatment after vascular events: a population-based cohort study. Lancet. 2017;390(10093):490–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hansen ML, Sorensen R, Clausen MT, Fog-Petersen ML, Raunso J, Gadsboll N, et al. Risk of bleeding with single, dual, or triple therapy with warfarin, aspirin, and clopidogrel in patients with atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(16):1433–41.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sorensen R, Hansen ML, Abildstrom SZ, Hvelplund A, Andersson C, Jorgensen C, et al. Risk of bleeding in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with different combinations of aspirin, clopidogrel, and vitamin K antagonists in Denmark: a retrospective analysis of nationwide registry data. Lancet. 2009;374(9706):1967–74.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hamon M, Lemesle G, Tricot O, Meurice T, Deneve M, Dujardin X, et al. Incidence, source, determinants, and prognostic impact of major bleeding in outpatients with stable coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(14):1430–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mehran R, Rao SV, Bhatt DL, Gibson CM, Caixeta A, Eikelboom J, et al. Standardized bleeding definitions for cardiovascular clinical trials: a consensus report from the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium. Circulation. 2011;123(23):2736–47.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wiviott SD, Antman EM, Gibson CM, Montalescot G, Riesmeyer J, Weerakkody G, et al. Evaluation of prasugrel compared with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes: design and rationale for the TRial to assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by optimizing platelet InhibitioN with prasugrel Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 38 (TRITON-TIMI 38). Am Heart J. 2006;152(4):627–35.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chung SC, Gedeborg R, Nicholas O, James S, Jeppsson A, Wolfe C, et al. Acute myocardial infarction: a comparison of short-term survival in national outcome registries in Sweden and the UK. Lancet. 2014;383(9925):1305–12.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rapsomaniki E, Thuresson M, Yang E, Blin P, Hunt P, Chung S-C, et al. Using big data from health records from four countries to evaluate chronic disease outcomes: a study in 114 364 patients after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2016;2(3):172–83.
Herrett E, Shah AD, Boggon R, Denaxas S, Smeeth L, van Staa T, et al. Completeness and diagnostic validity of recording acute myocardial infarction events in primary care, hospital care, disease registry, and national mortality records: cohort study. BMJ. 2013;346:f2350.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Arnason T, Wells PS, van Walraven C, Forster AJ. Accuracy of coding for possible warfarin complications in hospital discharge abstracts. Thromb Res. 2006;118(2):253–62.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cunningham A, Stein CM, Chung CP, Daugherty JR, Smalley WE, Ray WA. An automated database case definition for serious bleeding related to oral anticoagulant use. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011;20(6):560–6.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Friberg L, Skeppholm M. Usefulness of health registers for detection of bleeding events in outcome studies. Thromb Haemost. 2016;116(6):1131–9.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Raiford DS, Perez Gutthann S, Garcia Rodriguez LA. Positive predictive value of ICD-9 codes in the identification of cases of complicated peptic ulcer disease in the Saskatchewan hospital automated database. Epidemiol. 1996;7(1):101–4.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Crooks CJ, Card TR, West J. Defining upper gastrointestinal bleeding from linked primary and secondary care data and the effect on occurrence and 28 day mortality. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12(1):392.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
de Abajo FJ, Rodriguez LA, Montero D. Association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and upper gastrointestinal bleeding: population based case-control study. BMJ. 1999;319(7217):1106–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wahl PM, Rodgers K, Schneeweiss S, Gage BF, Butler J, Wilmer C, et al. Validation of claims-based diagnostic and procedure codes for cardiovascular and gastrointestinal serious adverse events in a commercially-insured population. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2010;19(6):596–603.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Valkhoff VE, Coloma PM, Masclee GM, Gini R, Innocenti F, Lapi F, et al. Validation study in four health-care databases: upper gastrointestinal bleeding misclassification affects precision but not magnitude of drug-related upper gastrointestinal bleeding risk. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014;67(8):921–31.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Denaxas SC, George J, Herrett E, Shah AD, Kalra D, Hingorani AD, et al. Data resource profile: cardiovascular disease research using linked bespoke studies and electronic health records (CALIBER). Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(6):1625–38.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Morley KI, Wallace J, Denaxas SC, Hunter RJ, Patel RS, Perel P, et al. Defining disease phenotypes using national linked electronic health records: a case study of atrial fibrillation. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e110900.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Timmis A, Rapsomaniki E, Chung SC, Pujades-Rodriguez M, Moayyeri A, Stogiannis D, et al. Prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy in stable coronary disease: comparative observational study of benefits and harms in unselected versus trial populations. BMJ. 2016;353:i3163.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rapsomaniki E, Timmis A, George J, Pujades-Rodriguez M, Shah AD, Denaxas S, et al. Blood pressure and incidence of twelve cardiovascular diseases: lifetime risks, healthy life-years lost, and age-specific associations in 1.25 million people. Lancet. 2014;383(9932):1899–911.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Shah AD, Langenberg C, Rapsomaniki E, Denaxas S, Pujades-Rodriguez M, Gale CP, et al. Type 2 diabetes and incidence of cardiovascular diseases: a cohort study in 1.9 million people. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3(2):105–13.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pujades-Rodriguez M, George J, Shah AD, Rapsomaniki E, Denaxas S, West R, et al. Heterogeneous associations between smoking and a wide range of initial presentations of cardiovascular disease in 1 937 360 people in England: lifetime risks and implications for risk prediction. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(1):129–41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pujades-Rodriguez M, Timmis A, Stogiannis D, Rapsomaniki E, Denaxas S, Shah A, et al. Socioeconomic deprivation and the incidence of 12 cardiovascular diseases in 1.9 million women and men: implications for risk prediction and prevention. PloS one. 2014;9(8):e104671.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pujades-Rodriguez M, Duyx B, Thomas SL, Stogiannis D, Rahman A, Smeeth L, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis and incidence of twelve initial presentations of cardiovascular disease: a population record-linkage cohort study in England. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0151245.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bell S, Daskalopoulou M, Rapsomaniki E, George J, Britton A, Bobak M, et al. Association between clinically recorded alcohol consumption and initial presentation of 12 cardiovascular diseases: population based cohort study using linked health records. BMJ. 2017;356:j909.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Shah AD, Denaxas S, Nicholas O, Hingorani AD, Hemingway H. Neutrophil counts and initial presentation of 12 cardiovascular diseases: a CALIBER cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(9):1160–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gallagher AM, Puri S, Staa TV. Linkage of the General Practice Research Database (GPRD) with other data sources. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011;20(S1):230–364.
Mathur R, Bhaskaran K, Chaturvedi N, Leon DA, vanStaa T, Grundy E, et al. Completeness and usability of ethnicity data in UK-based primary care and hospital databases. J Public Health (Oxf). 2014;36(4):684–92.
Article
Google Scholar
Herrett E, Gallagher AM, Bhaskaran K, Forbes H, Mathur R, van Staa T, et al. Data resource profile: Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(3):827–36.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
National Institutes of Health. Electronic health records-based phenotyping 2014 [Available from: http://rethinkingclinicaltrials.org/resources/ehr-phenotyping/.
Schulman S, Kearon C. Definition of major bleeding in clinical investigations of antihemostatic medicinal products in non-surgical patients. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3(4):692–4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jackson R, Kartoglu I, Stringer C, Gorrell G, Roberts A, Song X, et al. CogStack - experiences of deploying integrated information retrieval and extraction services in a large National Health Service Foundation Trust hospital. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2018;18(1):47.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Guimaraes PO, Krishnamoorthy A, Kaltenbach LA, Anstrom KJ, Effron MB, Mark DB, et al. Accuracy of medical claims for identifying cardiovascular and bleeding events after myocardial infarction: a secondary analysis of the TRANSLATE-ACS study. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2(7):750–7.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Herrett E, Thomas SL, Schoonen WM, Smeeth L, Hall AJ. Validation and validity of diagnoses in the General Practice Research Database: a systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;69(1):4–14.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Denaxas S, Gonzalez-Izquierdo A, Direk K, Fitzpatrick NK, Fatemifar G, Banerjee A, et al. UK phenomics platform for developing and validating electronic health record phenotypes: CALIBER. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocz105.
Lovelock CE, Molyneux AJ, Rothwell PM. Change in incidence and aetiology of intracerebral haemorrhage in Oxfordshire, UK, between 1981 and 2006: a population-based study. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(6):487–93.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boggon R, van Staa TP, Timmis A, Hemingway H, Ray KK, Begg A, et al. Clopidogrel discontinuation after acute coronary syndromes: frequency, predictors and associations with death and myocardial infarction--a hospital registry-primary care linked cohort (MINAP-GPRD). Eur Heart J. 2011;32(19):2376–86.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wang K, Li H, Kwong WJ, Antman EM, Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, et al. Impact of spontaneous extracranial bleeding events on health state utility in patients with atrial fibrillation: results from the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(8):e006703.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Burns EM, Rigby E, Mamidanna R, Bottle A, Aylin P, Ziprin P, et al. Systematic review of discharge coding accuracy. J Public Health (Oxf). 2012;34(1):138–48.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kikkert WJ, van Geloven N, van der Laan MH, Vis MM, Baan J Jr, Koch KT, et al. The prognostic value of bleeding academic research consortium (BARC)-defined bleeding complications in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a comparison with the TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction), GUSTO (Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries), and ISTH (International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis) bleeding classifications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(18):1866–75.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
O’Brien EC, Holmes DN, Ansell JE, Allen LA, Hylek E, Kowey PR, et al. Physician practices regarding contraindications to oral anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation: findings from the Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (ORBIT-AF) registry. Am Heart J. 2014;167(4):601–9 e1.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
O’Brien EC, Simon DN, Allen LA, Singer DE, Fonarow GC, Kowey PR, et al. Reasons for warfarin discontinuation in the Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (ORBIT-AF). Am Heart J. 2014;168(4):487–94.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pasea L, Chung SC, Pujades-Rodriguez M, Moayyeri A, Denaxas S, Fox KAA, et al. Personalising the decision for prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy: development, validation and potential impact of prognostic models for cardiovascular events and bleeding in myocardial infarction survivors. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(14):1048–55.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Williams CD, Chan AT, Elman MR, Kristensen AH, Miser WF, Pignone MP, et al. Aspirin use among adults in the U.S.: results of a national survey. Am J Prev Med. 2015;48(5):501–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar