Afshin A, Sur PJ, Fay KA, Cornaby L, Ferrara G, Salama JS, Mullany EC, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abebe Z. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2019;393(10184):1958–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8.
Article
Google Scholar
Ezzati M, Riboli E. Behavioral and dietary risk factors for noncommunicable diseases. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(10):954–64. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1203528.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Meier T, Gräfe K, Senn F, Sur P, Stangl GI, Dawczynski C, März W, Kleber ME, Lorkowski S. Cardiovascular mortality attributable to dietary risk factors in 51 countries in the WHO European Region from 1990 to 2016: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2019;34(1):37–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-018-0473-x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Excellence NIfHaC: Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. 2016.
Google Scholar
Eat well. https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/.
Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020–2025. 9th Edition. DietaryGuidelines.gov.
Te Morenga L, Mallard S, Mann J. Dietary sugars and body weight: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. Bmj. 2013;346:e7492.
Article
Google Scholar
Te Morenga LA, Howatson AJ, Jones RM, Mann J. Dietary sugars and cardiometabolic risk: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of the effects on blood pressure and lipids. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(1):65–79. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.081521.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Yang Q, Zhang Z, Gregg EW, Flanders WD, Merritt R, Hu FB. Added sugar intake and cardiovascular diseases mortality among US adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(4):516–24. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13563.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hooper L, Martin N, Jimoh OF, Kirk C, Foster E, Abdelhamid AS. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020;(8):CD011737. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub3. Accessed 14 Mar 2020.
Zong G, Li Y, Wanders AJ, Alssema M, Zock PL, Willett WC, Hu FB, Sun Q. Intake of individual saturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: two prospective longitudinal cohort studies. BMJ. 2016;355:i5796.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dehghan M, Mente A, Zhang X, Swaminathan S, Li W, Mohan V, Iqbal R, Kumar R, Wentzel-Viljoen E, Rosengren A. Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2017;390(10107):2050–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32252-3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
De Souza RJ, Mente A, Maroleanu A, Cozma AI, Ha V, Kishibe T, Uleryk E, Budylowski P, Schünemann H, Beyene J. Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Bmj. 2015;351:h3978.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kang Z-Q, Yang Y, Xiao B. Dietary saturated fat intake and risk of stroke: systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;30(2):179–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2019.09.028.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Threapleton DE, Greenwood DC, Evans CE, Cleghorn CL, Nykjaer C, Woodhead C, Cade JE, Gale CP, Burley VJ. Dietary fibre intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmj. 2013;347(dec19 2):f6879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f6879.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
National Diet and Nutrition Survey: results from years 7 and 8 (combined). https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/ndns-results-from-years-7-and-8-combined.
Mozaffarian D. Dairy foods, obesity, and metabolic health: the role of the food matrix compared with single nutrients. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(5):917S–23S. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz053.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Herforth A, Arimond M, Álvarez-Sánchez C, Coates J, Christianson K, Muehlhoff E. A global review of food-based dietary guidelines. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(4):590–605. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy130.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ocké MC. Evaluation of methodologies for assessing the overall diet: dietary quality scores and dietary pattern analysis. Proc Nutr Soc. 2013;72(2):191–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665113000013.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Johns DJ, Lindroos AK, Jebb SA, Sjöström L, Carlsson LM, Ambrosini GL. Dietary patterns, cardiometabolic risk factors, and the incidence of cardiovascular disease in severe obesity. Obesity. 2015;23(5):1063–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20920.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fransen HP, May AM, Stricker MD, Boer JM, Hennig C, Rosseel Y, Ocké MC, Peeters PH, Beulens JW. A posteriori dietary patterns: how many patterns to retain? J Nutr. 2014;144(8):1274–82. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.188680.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hoffmann K, Schulze MB, Schienkiewitz A, Nöthlings U, Boeing H. Application of a new statistical method to derive dietary patterns in nutritional epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(10):935–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh134.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sudlow C, Gallacher J, Allen N, Beral V, Burton P, Danesh J, Downey P, Elliott P, Green J, Landray M. UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age. PLoS Med. 2015;12(3):e1001779. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Liu B, Young H, Crowe FL, Benson VS, Spencer EA, Key TJ, Appleby PN, Beral V. Development and evaluation of the Oxford WebQ, a low-cost, web-based method for assessment of previous 24 h dietary intakes in large-scale prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14(11):1998–2005. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011000942.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bradbury KE, Young HJ, Guo W, Key TJ. Dietary assessment in UK Biobank: an evaluation of the performance of the touchscreen dietary questionnaire. J Nutr Sci. 2018;7:e6. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2017.66.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Schofield WN, Schofield C, James WPT. Basal metabolic rate: review and prediction, together with an annotated bibliography of source material; 1985.
Google Scholar
Greenwood DC, Hardie LJ, Frost GS, Alwan NA, Bradbury KE, Carter M, Elliott P, Evans CEL, Ford HE, Hancock N, Key TJ, Liu B, Morris MA, Mulla UZ, Petropoulou K, Potter GDM, Riboli E, Young H, Wark PA, Cade JE. Validation of the Oxford WebQ online 24-hour dietary questionnaire using biomarkers. Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188(10):1858–67. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz165.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Galante J, Adamska L, Young A, Young H, Littlejohns TJ, Gallacher J, Allen N. The acceptability of repeat Internet-based hybrid diet assessment of previous 24-h dietary intake: administration of the Oxford WebQ in UK Biobank. Br J Nutr. 2015;115(4):681–6. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515004821.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carter JL, Lewington S, Piernas C, Bradbury K, Key TJ, Jebb SA, Arnold M, Bennett D, Clarke R. Reproducibility of dietary intakes of macronutrients, specific food groups, and dietary patterns in 211 050 adults in the UK Biobank study. J Nutr Sci. 2019;8:e34. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2019.31.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Johnson L, Mander A, Jones L, Emmett P, Jebb S. A prospective analysis of dietary energy density at age 5 and 7 years and fatness at 9 years among UK children. Int J Obes. 2008;32(4):586–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803746.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Diana G, Tommasi C. Cross-validation methods in principal component analysis: a comparison. JISS. 2002;11(1):71–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02511446.
Article
Google Scholar
Plummer M. Improved estimates of floating absolute risk. Stat Med. 2004;23(1):93–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1485.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, Covas M-I, Corella D, Arós F, Gómez-Gracia E, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Fiol M, Lapetra J. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(25):e34. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1800389.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Siervo M, Lara J, Chowdhury S, Oggioni C, Ashor A, Mathers JC. Effects of the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 2015;113(1):1–15.
Healthy diet. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet#:~:text=Intake%20of%20saturated%20fats%20should,4%2C%205%2C%206).
Carbohydrates and Health. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/445503/SACN_Carbohydrates_and_Health.pdf.
Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després J-P, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk. Circulation. 2010;121(11):1356–64. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.876185.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
De Koning L, Malik VS, Kellogg MD, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sweetened beverage consumption, incident coronary heart disease, and biomarkers of risk in men. Circulation. 2012;125(14):1735–41. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.067017.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dhingra R, Sullivan L, Jacques PF, Wang TJ, Fox CS, Meigs JB, D’Agostino RB, Gaziano JM, Vasan RS. Soft drink consumption and risk of developing cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults in the community. Circulation. 2007;116(5):480–8. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.689935.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nettleton JA, Lutsey PL, Wang Y, Lima JA, Michos ED, Jacobs DR. Diet soda intake and risk of incident metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Diabetes Care. 2009;32(4):688–94. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-1799.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Malik VS, Li Y, Pan A, De Koning L, Schernhammer E, Willett WC, Hu FB. Long-term consumption of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages and risk of mortality in US adults. Circulation. 2019;139(18):2113–25. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037401.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Organization WH: Guideline: sugars intake for adults and children: World Health Organization; 2015.
Google Scholar
Rico-Campà A, Martínez-González MA, Alvarez-Alvarez I, de Deus MR, de la Fuente-Arrillaga C, Gómez-Donoso C, Bes-Rastrollo M. Association between consumption of ultra-processed foods and all cause mortality: SUN prospective cohort study. bmj. 2019;365:l1949.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Micha R, Michas G, Lajous M, Mozaffarian D. Processing of meats and cardiovascular risk: time to focus on preservatives. BMC Med. 2013;11(1):136. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-136.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ma Y, Olendzki BC, Pagoto SL, Hurley TG, Magner RP, Ockene IS, Schneider KL, Merriam PA, Hébert JR. Number of 24-hour diet recalls needed to estimate energy intake. Ann Epidemiol. 2009;19(8):553–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.04.010.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tong TY, Appleby PN, Bradbury KE, Perez-Cornago A, Travis RC, Clarke R, Key TJ. Risks of ischaemic heart disease and stroke in meat eaters, fish eaters, and vegetarians over 18 years of follow-up: results from the prospective EPIC-Oxford study. BMJ. 2019;366:l4897.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fry A, Littlejohns TJ, Sudlow C, Doherty N, Adamska L, Sprosen T, Collins R, Allen NE. Comparison of sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of UK Biobank participants with those of the general population. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;186(9):1026–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx246.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar