Bycroft C, Freeman C, Petkova D, Band G, Elliott LT, Sharp K, et al. The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data. Nature. 2018;562(7726):203–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0579-z PubMed PMID: 30305743.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
WCRF/AICR. World Cancer Research Fund International/American Institute for Cancer Research Continuous Update Project Report: Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Prostate Cancer. Available at: http://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Prostate-Cancer-SLR-2014.pdf. 2014.
Cuzick J, Thorat MA, Andriole G, Brawley OW, Brown PH, Culig Z, et al. Prevention and early detection of prostate cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(11):e484–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70211-6 PubMed PMID: 25281467; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4203149.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Travis RC, Appleby PN, Martin RM, Holly JM, Albanes D, Black A, et al. A meta-analysis of individual participant data reveals an association between circulating levels of IGF-I and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Res. 2016;76(8):2288–300. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-1551 PubMed PMID: 26921328; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4873385.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Watts EL, Fensom GK, Smith Byrne K, Perez-Cornago A, Allen NE, Knuppel A, et al. Circulating insulin-like growth factor-I, total and free testosterone concentrations and prostate cancer risk in 200 000 men in UK Biobank. Int J Cancer. 2021;148(9):2274–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.33416 Epub 2020/12/01. PubMed PMID: 33252839; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8048461.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Perez-Cornago A, Appleby PN, Pischon T, Tsilidis KK, Tjonneland A, Olsen A, et al. Tall height and obesity are associated with an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer: results from the EPIC cohort study. BMC Med. 2017;15(1):115. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-017-0876-7 PubMed PMID: 28701188; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5508687.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dickerman B, Mucci L. Metabolic factors and prostate cancer risk. Clin Chem. 2019;65(1):42–4. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2018.287243 Epub 2018/11/22. PubMed PMID: 30459168.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
West J, Dahlqvist Leinhard O, Romu T, Collins R, Garratt S, Bell JD, et al. Feasibility of MR-based body composition analysis in large scale population studies. PLoS One. 2016;11(9):e0163332. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163332 PubMed PMID: 27662190.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Snijder MB, van Dam RM, Visser M, Seidell JC. What aspects of body fat are particularly hazardous and how do we measure them? Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(1):83–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi253 PubMed PMID: 16339600.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sudlow C, Gallacher J, Allen N, Beral V, Burton P, Danesh J, et al. UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age. PLoS Med. 2015;12(3):e1001779. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779 PubMed PMID: 25826379; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4380465.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fry A, Littlejohns TJ, Sudlow C, Doherty N, Adamska L, Sprosen T, et al. Comparison of sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of UK Biobank participants with those of the general population. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;186(9):1026–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx246 PubMed PMID: 28641372; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5860371.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
UK Biobank. UK Biobank anthropometry. Available at http://biobank.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/crystal/docs/Anthropometry.pdf. 2014.
Google Scholar
Linge J, Borga M, West J, Tuthill T, Miller MR, Dumitriu A, et al. Body composition profiling in the UK Biobank imaging study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018;26(11):1785–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22210 Epub 2018/05/23. PubMed PMID: 29785727; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6220857.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Littlejohns TJ, Holliday J, Gibson LM, Garratt S, Oesingmann N, Alfaro-Almagro F, et al. The UK Biobank imaging enhancement of 100,000 participants: rationale, data collection, management and future directions. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):2624. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15948-9 Epub 2020/05/28. PubMed PMID: 32457287; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7250878.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
WHO. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. 10th revision. Available at: http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en (Last accessed Feb 2020). 2010.
Google Scholar
WHO. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1995;854:1–452 PubMed PMID: 8594834.
Google Scholar
WHO. World Health Organization. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO Expert Consultation. Geneva. 2008.
Perez-Cornago A, Key TJ, Allen NE, Fensom GK, Bradbury KE, Martin RM, et al. Prospective investigation of risk factors for prostate cancer in the UK Biobank cohort study. Br J Cancer. 2017;117(10):1562–71. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2017.312 PubMed PMID: 28910820; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5680461.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Genkinger JM, Wu K, Wang M, Albanes D, Black A, van den Brandt PA, et al. Measures of body fatness and height in early and mid-to-late adulthood and prostate cancer: risk and mortality in The Pooling Project of Prospective Studies of Diet and Cancer. Ann Oncol. 2020;31(1):103–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2019.09.007 Epub 2020/01/09. PubMed PMID: 31912782.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA. 2000;283(15):2008–12. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.15.2008 Epub 2000/05/02. PubMed PMID: 10789670.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4 Epub 2016/12/07. PubMed PMID: 27919275; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5139140.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gapstur SM, Gann PH, Colangelo LA, Barron-Simpson R, Kopp P, Dyer A, et al. Postload plasma glucose concentration and 27-year prostate cancer mortality (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2001;12(8):763–72. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1011279907108 Epub 2001/09/20. PubMed PMID: 11562117.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rodriguez C, Patel AV, Calle EE, Jacobs EJ, Chao A, Thun MJ. Body mass index, height, and prostate cancer mortality in two large cohorts of adult men in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001;10(4):345–53 PubMed PMID: 11319175.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(17):1625–38. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021423 Epub 2003/04/25. PubMed PMID: 12711737.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eichholzer M, Bernasconi F, Jordan P, Stahelin HB. Body mass index and the risk of male cancer mortality of various sites: 17-year follow-up of the Basel cohort study. Swiss Med Wkly. 2005;135(1-2):27–33 Epub 2005/01/22. doi: 2005/01/smw-10415. PubMed PMID: 15662577.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fujino Y. Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of C. Anthropometry, development history and mortality in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer (JACC). Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2007;8(Suppl):105–12 Epub 2008/09/20. PubMed PMID: 18260709.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martin RM, Vatten L, Gunnell D, Romundstad P, Nilsen TI. Components of the metabolic syndrome and risk of prostate cancer: the HUNT 2 cohort, Norway. Cancer Causes Control. 2009;20(7):1181–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-009-9319-x Epub 2009/03/12. PubMed PMID: 19277881.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Burton A, Martin R, Galobardes B, Davey Smith G, Jeffreys M. Young adulthood body mass index and risk of cancer in later adulthood: historical cohort study. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21(12):2069–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-010-9625-3 Epub 2010/08/04. PubMed PMID: 20680433.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Batty GD, Kivimaki M, Clarke R, Davey Smith G, Shipley MJ. Modifiable risk factors for prostate cancer mortality in London: forty years of follow-up in the Whitehall study. Cancer Causes Control. 2011;22(2):311–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-010-9691-6 PubMed PMID: 21116843; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3226949.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dehal A, Garrett T, Tedders SH, Arroyo C, Afriyie-Gyawu E, Zhang J. Body mass index and death rate of colorectal cancer among a national cohort of U.S. adults. Nutr Cancer. 2011;63(8):1218–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2011.607539 Epub 2011/10/11. PubMed PMID: 21981584.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Discacciati A, Orsini N, Andersson SO, Andren O, Johansson JE, Wolk A. Body mass index in early and middle-late adulthood and risk of localised, advanced and fatal prostate cancer: a population-based prospective study. Br J Cancer. 2011;105(7):1061–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2011.319 Epub 2011/08/19. PubMed PMID: 21847119; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3185939.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gray L, Lee IM, Sesso HD, Batty GD. Association of body mass index in early adulthood and middle age with future site-specific cancer mortality: the Harvard Alumni Health Study. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(3):754–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdr270 Epub 2011/06/17. PubMed PMID: 21677311; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3331729.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Haggstrom C, Stocks T, Ulmert D, Bjorge T, Ulmer H, Hallmans G, et al. Prospective study on metabolic factors and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer. 2012;118(24):6199–206. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27677 Epub 2012/10/24. PubMed PMID: 23090855.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Taghizadeh N, Boezen HM, Schouten JP, Schroder CP, Elisabeth de Vries EG, Vonk JM. BMI and lifetime changes in BMI and cancer mortality risk. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0125261. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125261 Epub 2015/04/17. PubMed PMID: 25881129; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4399977.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hong JS, Yi SW, Yi JJ, Hong S, Ohrr H. Body mass index and cancer mortality among korean older middle-aged men: a prospective cohort study. Medicine. 2016;95(21). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000003684 PubMed PMID: WOS:000377777700021.
Dickerman BA, Torfadottir JE, Valdimarsdottir UA, Giovannucci E, Wilson KM, Aspelund T, et al. Body fat distribution on computed tomography imaging and prostate cancer risk and mortality in the AGES-Reykjavik study. Cancer. 2019;125(16):2877–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32167 Epub 2019/06/11. PubMed PMID: 31179538; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6663585.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jochems SHJ, Stattin P, Haggstrom C, Jarvholm B, Orho-Melander M, Wood AM, et al. Height, body mass index and prostate cancer risk and mortality by way of detection and cancer risk category. Int J Cancer. 2020;147(12):3328–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.33150 Epub 2020/06/12. PubMed PMID: 32525555.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jochems SHJ, Wood AM, Haggstrom C, Orho-Melander M, Stattin P, Stocks T. Waist circumference and a body shape index and prostate cancer risk and mortality. Cancer Med. 2021;10(8):2885–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.3827 Epub 2021/03/13. PubMed PMID: 33710775; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8026929.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Solans M, Chan DSM, Mitrou P, Norat T, Romaguera D. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the 2007 WCRF/AICR score in relation to cancer-related health outcomes. Ann Oncol. 2020;31(3):352–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2020.01.001 Epub 2020/02/19. PubMed PMID: 32067678.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
NHS Digital. Health Survey for England, 2019: Data Tables. NHS Digital, Last Accessed Sept 2021 (https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/health-survey-for-england/2019/health-survey-for-england-2019-data-tables).
CRUK. Cancer Research UK. Last accessed: September 2021. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/prostate-cancer.
Thomas EL, Parkinson JR, Frost GS, Goldstone AP, Dore CJ, McCarthy JP, et al. The missing risk: MRI and MRS phenotyping of abdominal adiposity and ectopic fat. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20(1):76–87. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.142 PubMed PMID: 21660078.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Shuster A, Patlas M, Pinthus JH, Mourtzakis M. The clinical importance of visceral adiposity: a critical review of methods for visceral adipose tissue analysis. Br J Radiol. 2012;85(1009):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/38447238 PubMed PMID: 21937614; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3473928.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hwang YC, Hayashi T, Fujimoto WY, Kahn SE, Leonetti DL, McNeely MJ, et al. Visceral abdominal fat accumulation predicts the conversion of metabolically healthy obese subjects to an unhealthy phenotype. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015;39(9):1365–70. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.75 PubMed PMID: 25920773; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4564328.
Article
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Watts EL, Perez-Cornago A, Appleby PN, Albanes D, Ardanaz E, Black A, et al. The associations of anthropometric, behavioural and sociodemographic factors with circulating concentrations of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 in a pooled analysis of 16,024 men from 22 studies. Int J Cancer. 2019;145(12):3244–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.32276 Epub 2019/03/16. PubMed PMID: 30873591; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6745281.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Watts EL, Appleby PN, Albanese D, Black A, Chan JM, Chen C, et al. Circulating sex hormones in relation to anthropometric, sociodemographic and behavioural factors in an international dataset of 12,300 men. Plos One. 2017;12(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187741 PubMed PMID: WOS:000419006200002.
Johnson AR, Milner JJ, Makowski L. The inflammation highway: metabolism accelerates inflammatory traffic in obesity. Immunol Rev. 2012;249(1):218–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01151.x PubMed PMID: 22889225; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3422768.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Marseglia L, Manti S, D'Angelo G, Nicotera A, Parisi E, Di Rosa G, et al. Oxidative stress in obesity: a critical component in human diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(1):378–400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16010378 PubMed PMID: 25548896; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4307252.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Paschos A, Pandya R, Duivenvoorden WC, Pinthus JH. Oxidative stress in prostate cancer: changing research concepts towards a novel paradigm for prevention and therapeutics. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2013;16(3):217–25. https://doi.org/10.1038/pcan.2013.13 PubMed PMID: 23670256.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sfanos KS, De Marzo AM. Prostate cancer and inflammation: the evidence. Histopathology. 2012;60(1):199–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.04033.x PubMed PMID: 22212087; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4029103.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dahran N, Szewczyk-Bieda M, Wei C, Vinnicombe S, Nabi G. Normalized periprostatic fat MRI measurements can predict prostate cancer aggressiveness in men undergoing radical prostatectomy for clinically localised disease. Sci Rep-Uk. 2017;7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04951-8 PubMed PMID: WOS:000404846000003.
Donohoe CL, Doyle SL, Reynolds JV. Visceral adiposity, insulin resistance and cancer risk. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2011;3:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-5996-3-12 PubMed PMID: 21696633; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3145556.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Seidell JC, Bjorntorp P, Sjostrom L, Kvist H, Sannerstedt R. Visceral fat accumulation in men is positively associated with insulin, glucose, and C-peptide levels, but negatively with testosterone levels. Metabolism. 1990;39(9):897–901 PubMed PMID: 2202881.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dickerman BA, Ebot EM, Healy BC, Wilson KM, Eliassen AH, Ascherio A, et al. A metabolomics analysis of adiposity and advanced prostate cancer risk in the health professionals follow-up study. Metabolites. 2020;10(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10030099 Epub 2020/03/14. PubMed PMID: 32164144; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7142752.
Harrison S, Tilling K, Turner EL, Martin RM, Lennon R, Lane JA, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the associations between body mass index, prostate cancer, advanced prostate cancer, and prostate-specific antigen. Cancer Causes Control. 2020;31(5):431–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-020-01291-3 Epub 2020/03/13. PubMed PMID: 32162172; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7105428.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Freedland SJ, Platz EA, Presti JC Jr, Aronson WJ, Amling CL, Kane CJ, et al. Obesity, serum prostate specific antigen and prostate size: implications for prostate cancer detection. J Urol. 2006;175(2):500–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00162-X discussion 4. Epub 2006/01/13. PubMed PMID: 16406980.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Munafo MR, Tilling K, Taylor AE, Evans DM, Smith GD. Collider scope: when selection bias can substantially influence observed associations. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2018;47(1):226–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx206 PubMed PMID: WOS:000426148300035.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Batty GD, Gale CR, Kivimaki M, Deary IJ, Bell S. Comparison of risk factor associations in UK Biobank against representative, general population based studies with conventional response rates: prospective cohort study and individual participant meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;368:m131. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m131 PubMed PMID: 32051121.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar