Hayashi C, Krasevec J, Kumapley R, Mehra V, De OM, Borghi E, Blössner M, Urrutia MF, Prydz EB, Serajuddin U. Levels and trends in child malnutrition. UNICEF/ WHO/World Bank Group joint child malnutrition estimates: key findings of the 2017 edition. New York: New York New York Unicef; 2017.
Organization WH: Organization WHO obesity and overweight. https://wwwwhoint/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight Date: 2021.Date accessed: June 11, 2021.
Lobstein T, Jackson-Leach R. Estimated burden of paediatric obesity and co-morbidities in Europe. Part 2. Numbers of children with indicators of obesity-related disease. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011;1(1):33–41.
Article
Google Scholar
Reilly JJ, Kelly J. Long-term impact of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence on morbidity and premature mortality in adulthood: systematic review. Int J Obes. 2011;35(7):891–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
YOUFA WANG MD. Lobstein T: Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2006;1(1):11–25.
Article
Google Scholar
Lobstein T, Jackson-Leach R, Moodie ML, Hall KD, Gortmaker SL, Swinburn BA, et al. Child and adolescent obesity: part of a bigger picture. Lancet. 2015;385(9986):2510–20.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hampp C, Kang EM, Borders-Hemphill V. Use of prescription antiobesity drugs in the United States. Pharmacotherapy. 2013;33(12):1299–307.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cercato C, Roizenblatt VA. Lean?A CC, Segal A, Filho AL, Mancini MC, Halpern A: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of the long-term efficacy and safety of diethylpropion in the treatment of obese subjects. Int J Obes. 2009;33(8):857–65.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Dornbush S, Aeddula NR. Physiology, Leptin. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls PublishingCopyright © 2022, StatPearls Publishing LLC; 2022.
Google Scholar
Díaz R, Esparza-Romero J, Moya-Camarena S, Robles-Sardín A, Valencia ME. Lifestyle intervention in primary care settings improves obesity parameters among Mexican youth. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(2):285–90.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martínez Vizcaíno V, Salcedo Aguilar F, Franquelo Gutiérrez R, Solera Martínez M, Sánchez López M, Serrano Martínez S, et al. Assessment of an after-school physical activity program to prevent obesity among 9- to 10-year-old children: a cluster randomized trial. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32(1):12–22.
Article
Google Scholar
Paineau D, Beaufils F, Boulier A, Cassuto D, Chwalow J, Combris P, et al. Family dietary coaching to improve nutritional intakes and body weight control: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008;162(1):34–43.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mccallum Z, Wake M, Gerner B, Baur LA, Gibbons K, Gold L, et al. Outcome data from the LEAP (Live, Eat and Play) trial: a randomized controlled trial of a primary care intervention for childhood overweight/mild obesity. Int J Obes. 2007;31:630–6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Godoy-Cumillaf A, Fuentes-Merino P, Díaz-González A, Jiménez-Díaz J, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Lvarez-Bueno C, et al. The effects of physical activity and diet interventions on body mass index in Latin American children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1378.
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
He Z, Wu H, Yu F, Fu J, Sun S, Huang T, et al. Effects of smartphone-based interventions on physical activity in children and adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR mHealth uHealth. 2021;9(2):e22601.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tremblay MS, Carson V, Chaput JP, Connor Gorber S, Dinh T, Duggan M, et al. Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for children and youth: an integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41(6 Suppl 3):S311–27.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Misra A, Nigam P, Hills AP, Chadha DS, Gupta S. Consensus physical activity guidelines for Asian Indians. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2012;14(1):83–98.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chaput JP, Willumsen J, Bull F, Chou R, Ekelund U, Firth J, et al. 2020 WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour for children and adolescents aged 5-17 years: summary of the evidence. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):141.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
García-Hermoso A, Ramírez-Vélez R, Ramírez-Campillo R, Peterson M, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. Concurrent aerobic plus resistance exercise versus aerobic exercise alone to improve health outcomes in paediatric obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(3):161–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang Y, Cai L, Wu Y, Wilson RF, Weston C, Fawole O, et al. What childhood obesity prevention programmes work? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2015;16(7):547–65.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Waters E, De SSA, Burford BJ, Brown T, Campbell KJ, Gao Y, et al. Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011;7(7):CD001871.
Google Scholar
Shuster JJ: Review: Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews for interventions, Version 5.1.0, published 3/2011. Julian P.T. Higgins and Sally Green, Editors. Research Synthesis Methods 2011, 2(2).
Higgins JPT, R (editors) GS: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Review of InterventionsVersion 5.1.0[updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration 2011.
Balshem H, Helfand M, Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Guyatt GH. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):401–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, Kunz R, Vist G, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):383–94.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Holger JS, Tugwell P, Knottnerus A. GRADE guidelines: a new series of articles in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):380–2.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist G, Kunz R, Brozek J, Alonsocoello P, et al. GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence--study limitations (risk of bias). J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):407–15.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Woodcock J, Brozek J, Helfand M, et al. GRADE guidelines: 8. Rating the quality of evidence—indirectness. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(12):1303–10.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Melsen WG, Bootsma MC, Rovers MM, Bonten MJ. The effects of clinical and statistical heterogeneity on the predictive values of results from meta-analyses. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(2):123–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Larry V: Advances in statistical methods for meta-analysis. New Directions for Program Evaluation 1984, 1984(24):25–42.
Lipsey MW, Wilson DB. The efficacy of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatment. Confirmation from meta-analysis. Am Psychol. 1993;48(12):1181–209.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Egger M, Juni P, Bartlett C, Holenstein F, Sterne J. How important are comprehensive literature searches and the assessment of trial quality in systematic reviews? Empirical study. Health Technol Assess. 2003;7(1):1–76.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Salanti G. Indirect and mixed-treatment comparison, network, or multiple-treatments meta-analysis: many names, many benefits, many concerns for the next generation evidence synthesis tool. Res Synth Methods. 2012;3(2):80–97.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Higgins J, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Welch VA: Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions; 2019.
Jansen JP, Naci H. Is network meta-analysis as valid as standard pairwise meta-analysis? It all depends on the distribution of effect modifiers. BMC Med. 2013;11:159.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Valkenhoef GV, Kuiper J: gemtc: network meta-analysis using Bayesian methods: Evidence Synthesis for Decision Making in Healthcare; 2015.
Mavridis D, Salanti G. A practical introduction to multivariate meta-analysis. Stat Methods Med Res. 2013;22(2):133–58.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gelman BA. General methods for monitoring convergence of iterative simulations. J Computat Graph Stat. 1998;7(4):434–55.
Google Scholar
Page MJ, Shamseer L, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Sampson M, Tricco AC, et al. Epidemiology and reporting characteristics of systematic reviews of biomedical research: a cross-sectional study. PLoS Med. 2016;13(5):e1002028.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Van Valkenhoef G, Dias S, Ades AE, Welton NJ. Automated generation of node-splitting models for assessment of inconsistency in network meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2015;7(1):80–93.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bae JH, Lee H. The effect of diet, exercise, and lifestyle intervention on childhood obesity: a network meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(5):3062–72.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Llargues E, Franco R, Recasens A, Nadal A, Vila M, Perez MJ, et al. Serra JJJoE: Assessment of a school-based intervention in eating habits and physical activity in school children: the AVall study. J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2011;65(10):896–901.
Article
Google Scholar
Dewar DL, Morgan PJ, Plotnikoff RC, Okely AD, Collins CE, Batterham M, et al. The nutrition and enjoyable activity for teen girls study: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med. 2013;45(3):313–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brown T, Summerbell C. Systematic review of school-based interventions that focus on changing dietary intake and physical activity levels to prevent childhood obesity: an update to the obesity guidance produced by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Obes Rev. 2009;10(1):110–41.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Waters E, de Silva-Sanigorski A, Hall BJ, Brown T, Campbell KJ, Gao Y, et al. Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;7(12):Cd001871.
Google Scholar
Prentice-Dunn H, Prentice-Dunn S. Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and childhood obesity: a review of cross-sectional studies. Psychol Health Med. 2012;17(3):255–73.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Piercy KL, Troiano RP, Ballard RM, Carlson SA, Fulton JE, Galuska DA, et al. The physical activity guidelines for Americans. JAMA. 2018;320(19):2020–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cole TJ, Faith MS, Pietrobelli A, Heo M. What is the best measure of adiposity change in growing children: BMI, BMI %, BMI z-score or BMI centile? Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59(3):419.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
H. Dinsdale CR, and L. J. Ells: A simple guide to classifying body mass index in children http://www thehealthwellinfo/node/894424 2011.
Inokuchi M, Matsuo N, Takayama JI, Hasegawa T. BMI z-score is the optimal measure of annual adiposity change in elementary school children. Ann Hum Biol. 2011;38(6):747–51.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mei Z, Grummer-Strawn L, Pietrobelli A, Goulding A, Goran M, Dietz W. Validity of body mass index compared with other body-composition screening indexes for the assessment of body fatness in children and adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(6):978–85.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grossman DC, Bibbins-Domingo K, Curry SJ, Barry MJ, Tseng CW. Screening for obesity in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2017;317(23):2417.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
O’Connor EA, Evans CV, Burda BU, Walsh ES, Lozano P. Screening for obesity and intervention for weight management in children and adolescents: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2017;317(23):2427.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Elissa J, Diana R, Sato AF. Innovative interventions in pediatric obesity: commentary and future directions. J Pediatr Psychol. 2013;9:1030–6.
Google Scholar
Fedele DA, Cushing CC, Fritz A, Amaro CM, Ortega A. Mobile health interventions for improving health outcomes in youth: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(5):461–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nicholas G, Barnett AG, Halton KA, Veerman JL, Elisabeth W, Neville O, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a telephone-delivered intervention for physical activity and diet. PLoS One. 2009;4(9):e7135.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bauer S, Niet JD, Timman R, Kordy H. Enhancement of care through self-monitoring and tailored feedback via text messaging and their use in the treatment of childhood overweight. Patient Educ Counsel. 2010;79(3):315–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Ekambareshwar M, Ekambareshwar S, Mihrshahi S, Wen LM, Baur LA, Laws R, et al. Process evaluations of early childhood obesity prevention interventions delivered via telephone or text messages: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2021;18(1):10.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Shrewsbury VA, Steinbeck KS, Torvaldsen S, Baur LA. The role of parents in pre-adolescent and adolescent overweight and obesity treatment: a systematic review of clinical recommendations. Obes Rev. 2011;12(10):759–69.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McGovern L, Johnson JN, Paulo R, Hettinger A, Singhal V, Kamath C, et al. Clinical review: treatment of pediatric obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(12):4600–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Golan M, Kaufman V, Shahar DR. Childhood obesity treatment: targeting parents exclusively v. parents and children. Br J Nutr. 2006;95(5):1008–15.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Janicke DM, Sallinen BJ, Perri MG, Lutes LD, Huerta M, Silverstein JH, et al. Comparison of parent-only vs family-based interventions for overweight children in underserved rural settings: outcomes from project STORY. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008;162(12):1119–25.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Reinehr T, Schaefer A, Winkel K, Finne E, Toschke AM, Kolip P. An effective lifestyle intervention in overweight children: findings from a randomized controlled trial on "Obeldicks light". Clin Nutr. 2010;29(3):331–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Golley RK, Magarey AM, Baur LA, Steinbeck KS, Daniels LA. Twelve-month effectiveness of a parent-led, family-focused weight-management program for prepubertal children: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2007;119(3):517–25.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ho M, Garnett S, Baur L, Burrow T, Stewart L, Neve M, et al. Effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in child obesity: systematic review with meta-analysis. J Obesity Res Clin Pract. 2012;6(6):54–5.
Article
Google Scholar
Sevinc O, Bozkurt AI, Gundogdu M, Aslan UB, Gokce Z. Evaluation of the effectiveness of an intervention program on preventing childhood obesity in Denizli, Turkey. Turkish J Med Sci. 2011;41(6):1097–105.
Google Scholar
He M, Xiang F, Zeng Y, Mai J, Chen Q, Zhang J, et al. Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among children in China: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2015;314(11):1142–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Li L, Zhang J, Cao M, Hu W, Zhou T, Huang T, et al. The effects of chronic physical activity interventions on executive functions in children aged 3-7 years: A meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2020;23(10):949–54.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boland CL, Harris JB, Harris KB. Pharmacological management of obesity in pediatric patients. Ann Pharmacother. 2015;49(2):220.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Czepiel KS, Perez NP, Campoverde Reyes KJ, Sabharwal S, Stanford FC. Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of overweight and obesity in children, adolescents, and young adults in a large health system in the US. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:290.
Article
Google Scholar
Ogden C, Carroll M, Kit B, Flegal K. Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999-2010. JAMA. 2012;307(5):483–90.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Skelton JA, Cook SR, Auinger P, Klein JD, Barlow SBYV. Prevalence and trends of severe obesity among US children and adolescents. Acad Pediatr. 2009;9(5):322–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar