Cummings SR, Melton LJ: Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet. 2002, 359: 1761-1767. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08657-9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kannus P, Niemi S, Parkkari J, Palvanen M, Vuori I, Jarvinen M: Nationwide decline in incidence of hip fracture. J Bone Miner Res. 2006, 21: 1836-1838. 10.1359/jbmr.060815.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
US Department of Health and Human Services: Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD, US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General. 2004
Google Scholar
Bouxsein ML: Determinants of skeletal fragility. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2005, 19: 897-911. 10.1016/j.berh.2005.07.004.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Griffith JF, Genant HK: Bone mass and architecture determination: state of the art. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008, 22: 737-764. 10.1016/j.beem.2008.07.003.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Oden A, Melton LJ, Khaltaev N: A reference standard for the description of osteoporosis. Bone. 2008, 42: 467-475. 10.1016/j.bone.2007.11.001.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jarvinen TL, Kannus P, Sievanen H: Have the DXA-based exercise studies seriously underestimated the effects of mechanical loading on bone?. J Bone Miner Res. 1999, 14: 1634-1635. 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.9.1634.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jarvinen TL, Sievanen H, Jokihaara J, Einhorn TA: Revival of bone strength: the bottom line. J Bone Miner Res. 2005, 20: 717-720. 10.1359/JBMR.050211.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sievanen H: A physical model for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry--derived bone mineral density. Invest Radiol. 2000, 35: 325-330. 10.1097/00004424-200005000-00007.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sievanen H, Kannus P: Physical activity reduces the risk of fragility fracture. PLoS Med. 2007, 4: e222-10.1371/journal.pmed.0040222.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Daly RM: The effect of exercise on bone structural geometry during growth. Optimizing Bone Mass and Strength: The Role of Physical Activity and Nutrition during Growth. Medicine and Sport Science Series. Edited by: Daly R, Petit M. 2007, KargerPublishers
Google Scholar
Kannus P, Haapasalo H, Sankelo M, Sievanen H, Pasanen M, Heinonen A, Oja P, Vuori I: Effect of starting age of physical activity on bone mass in the dominant arm of tennis and squash players. Ann Intern Med. 1995, 123: 27-31.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cheng S, Sipila S, Taaffe DR, Puolakka J, Suominen H: Change in bone mass distribution induced by hormone replacement therapy and high-impact physical exercise in post-menopausal women. Bone. 2002, 31: 126-135. 10.1016/S8756-3282(02)00794-9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Uusi-Rasi K, Kannus P, Cheng S, Sievanen H, Pasanen M, Heinonen A, Nenonen A, Halleen J, Fuerst T, Genant H, Vuori I: Effect of alendronate and exercise on bone and physical performance of postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Bone. 2003, 33: 132-143. 10.1016/S8756-3282(03)00082-6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Karinkanta S, Heinonen A, Sievanen H, Uusi-Rasi K, Pasanen M, Ojala K, Fogelholm M, Kannus P: A multi-component exercise regimen to prevent functional decline and bone fragility in home-dwelling elderly women: randomized, controlled trial. Osteoporos Int. 2007, 18: 453-462. 10.1007/s00198-006-0256-1.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liu-Ambrose TY, Khan KM, Eng JJ, Heinonen A, McKay HA: Both resistance and agility training increase cortical bone density in 75- to 85-year-old women with low bone mass: a 6-month randomized controlled trial. J Clin Densitom. 2004, 7: 390-398. 10.1385/JCD:7:4:390.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Higgins JPT, Green S, editors: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.2 [updated September 2009]. The Cochrane Collaboration. 2009, [http://www.cochrane-handbook.org]
Macdonald HM, Cooper DM, McKay HA: Anterior-posterior bending strength at the tibial shaft increases with physical activity in boys: evidence for non-uniform geometric adaptation. Osteoporos Int. 2009, 20: 61-70. 10.1007/s00198-008-0636-9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Macdonald HM, Kontulainen SA, Khan KM, McKay HA: Is a school-based physical activity intervention effective for increasing tibial bone strength in boys and girls?. J Bone Miner Res. 2007, 22: 434-446. 10.1359/jbmr.061205.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Macdonald HM, Kontulainen SA, Petit MA, Beck TJ, Khan KM, McKay HA: Does a novel school-based physical activity model benefit femoral neck bone strength in pre- and early pubertal children?. Osteoporos Int. 2008, 19: 1445-1456. 10.1007/s00198-008-0589-z.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
MacKelvie KJ, Petit MA, Khan KM, Beck TJ, McKay HA: Bone mass and structure are enhanced following a 2-year randomized controlled trial of exercise in prepubertal boys. Bone. 2004, 34: 755-764. 10.1016/j.bone.2003.12.017.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Petit MA, McKay HA, MacKelvie KJ, Heinonen A, Khan KM, Beck TJ: A randomized school-based jumping intervention confers site and maturity-specific benefits on bone structural properties in girls: a hip structural analysis study. J Bone Miner Res. 2002, 17: 363-372. 10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.3.363.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Weeks BK, Young CM, Beck BR: Eight months of regular in-school jumping improves indices of bone strength in adolescent boys and Girls: the POWER PE study. J Bone Miner Res. 2008, 23: 1002-1011. 10.1359/jbmr.080226.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vainionpaa A, Korpelainen R, Sievanen H, Vihriala E, Leppaluoto J, Jamsa T: Effect of impact exercise and its intensity on bone geometry at weight-bearing tibia and femur. Bone. 2007, 40: 604-611. 10.1016/j.bone.2006.10.005.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hind K, Burrows M: Weight-bearing exercise and bone mineral accrual in children and adolescents: a review of controlled trials. Bone. 2007, 40: 14-27. 10.1016/j.bone.2006.07.006.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Tran ZV: Resistance training and bone mineral density in women: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2001, 80: 65-77. 10.1097/00002060-200101000-00017.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kelley GA, Kelley KS: Efficacy of resistance exercise on lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density in premenopausal women: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004, 13: 293-300. 10.1089/154099904323016455.
Article
Google Scholar
Wallace BA, Cumming RG: Systematic review of randomized trials of the effect of exercise on bone mass in pre- and postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int. 2000, 67: 10-18. 10.1007/s00223001089.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wolff I, van Croonenborg JJ, Kemper HC, Kostense PJ, Twisk JW: The effect of exercise training programs on bone mass: a meta-analysis of published controlled trials in pre- and postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 1999, 9: 1-12. 10.1007/s001980050109.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Tran ZV: Exercise and bone mineral density in men: a meta-analysis. J Appl Physiol. 2000, 88: 1730-1736.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bonaiuti D, Shea B, Iovine R, Negrini S, Robinson V, Kemper HC, Wells G, Tugwell P, Cranney A: Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002, CD000333.
Google Scholar
Kelley GA, Kelley KS: Exercise and bone mineral density at the femoral neck in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials with individual patient data. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006, 194: 760-767. 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.09.006.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Tran ZV: Exercise and lumbar spine bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002, 57: M599-604.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martyn-St James M, Carroll S: High-intensity resistance training and postmenopausal bone loss: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2006, 17: 1225-1240. 10.1007/s00198-006-0083-4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martyn-St James M, Carroll S: Meta-analysis of walking for preservation of bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Bone. 2008, 43: 521-531. 10.1016/j.bone.2008.05.012.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martyn-St James M, Carroll S: A meta-analysis of impact exercise on postmenopausal bone loss: the case for mixed loading exercise programmes. Br J Sports Med. 2009, 43: 898-908. 10.1136/bjsm.2008.052704.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Palombaro KM: Effects of walking-only interventions on bone mineral density at various skeletal sites: a meta-analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2005, 28: 102-107.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kukuljan S, Nowson CA, Bass SL, Sanders K, Nicholson GC, Seibel MJ, Salmon J, Daly RM: Effects of a multi-component exercise program and calcium-vitamin-D3-fortified milk on bone mineral density in older men: a randomised controlled trial. Osteoporos Int. 2009, 20: 1241-1251. 10.1007/s00198-008-0776-y.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kukuljan S BS, Sanders K, Salmon J, Nowson C, Nicholson G, Seibel M, Daly RM: Does calcium-vitamin D3 fortified milk enhance the effects of exercise on bone structure and strength in older men? An 18-month community-based RCT. J Sci Med Sport. 2007, 10 (Supplement): S322.
Google Scholar
Hamilton CJ, Swan VJ, Jamal SA: The effects of exercise and physical activity participation on bone mass and geometry in postmenopausal women: a systematic review of pQCT studies. Osteoporos Int. 2009, 21: 11-23. 10.1007/s00198-009-0967-1.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kemmler W, von Stengel S, Engelke K, Haberle L, Kalender WA: Exercise effects on bone mineral density, falls, coronary risk factors, and health care costs in older women: the randomized controlled senior fitness and prevention (SEFIP) study. Arch Intern Med. 2010, 170: 179-185. 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.499.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Seeman E, Delmas PD: Bone quality--the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility. N Engl J Med. 2006, 354: 2250-2261. 10.1056/NEJMra053077.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Seeman E: Clinical review 137: Sexual dimorphism in skeletal size, density, and strength. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001, 86: 4576-4584. 10.1210/jc.86.10.4576.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bass SL, Saxon L, Daly RM, Turner CH, Robling AG, Seeman E, Stuckey S: The effect of mechanical loading on the size and shape of bone in pre-, peri-, and postpubertal girls: a study in tennis players. J Bone Miner Res. 2002, 17: 2274-2280. 10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.12.2274.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ducher G, Daly RM, Bass SL: Effects of repetitive loading on bone mass and geometry in young male tennis players: a quantitative study using MRI. J Bone Miner Res. 2009, 24: 1686-1692. 10.1359/jbmr.090415.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Haapasalo H, Kontulainen S, Sievanen H, Kannus P, Jarvinen M, Vuori I: Exercise-induced bone gain is due to enlargement in bone size without a change in volumetric bone density: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study of the upper arms of male tennis players. Bone. 2000, 27: 351-357. 10.1016/S8756-3282(00)00331-8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kontulainen S, Sievanen H, Kannus P, Pasanen M, Vuori I: Effect of long-term impact-loading on mass, size, and estimated strength of humerus and radius of female racquet-sports players: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study between young and old starters and controls. J Bone Miner Res. 2002, 17: 2281-2289. 10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.12.2281.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nikander R, Kannus P, Rantalainen T, Uusi-Rasi K, Heinonen A, Sievänen H: Cross-sectional geometry of weight-bearing tibia in female athletes subjected to different exercise loadings. Osteoporos Int. 2009.
Google Scholar
Nikander R, Sievanen H, Uusi-Rasi K, Heinonen A, Kannus P: Loading modalities and bone structures at nonweight-bearing upper extremity and weight-bearing lower extremity: a pQCT study of adult female athletes. Bone. 2006, 39: 886-894. 10.1016/j.bone.2006.04.005.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Daly RM, Bass SL: Lifetime sport and leisure activity participation is associated with greater bone size, quality and strength in older men. Osteoporos Int. 2006, 17: 1258-1267. 10.1007/s00198-006-0114-1.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ma H, Leskinen T, Alen M, Cheng S, Sipila S, Heinonen A, Kaprio J, Suominen H, Kujala UM: Long-Term Leisure Time Physical Activity and Properties of Bone: A Twin Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2009, 24: 1427-1433. 10.1359/jbmr.090309.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shedd KM, Hanson KB, Alekel DL, Schiferl DJ, Hanson LN, Van Loan MD: Quantifying leisure physical activity and its relation to bone density and strength. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007, 39: 2189-2198. 10.1249/mss.0b013e318155a7fe.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Uusi-Rasi K, Sievanen H, Pasanen M, Oja P, Vuori I: Associations of calcium intake and physical activity with bone density and size in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study. J Bone Miner Res. 2002, 17: 544-552. 10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.3.544.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Uusi-Rasi K, Sievanen H, Vuori I, Pasanen M, Heinonen A, Oja P: Associations of physical activity and calcium intake with bone mass and size in healthy women at different ages. J Bone Miner Res. 1998, 13: 133-142. 10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.1.133.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wilks DC, Winwood K, Gilliver SF, Kwiet A, Chatfield M, Michaelis I, Sun LW, Ferretti JL, Sargeant AJ, Felsenberg D, Rittweger J: Bone mass and geometry of the tibia and the radius of master sprinters, middle and long distance runners, race-walkers and sedentary control participants: a pQCT study. Bone. 2009, 45: 91-97. 10.1016/j.bone.2009.03.660.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Daly RM, Kukuljan S: Interactive effect of exercise and calcium-vitamin D on musculoskeletal health in older adults. Nutritional Influences on Bone Health. Edited by: Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Weawer C. 2010, Springer, London
Google Scholar
Adami S, Gatti D, Braga V, Bianchini D, Rossini M: Site-specific effects of strength training on bone structure and geometry of ultradistal radius in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 1999, 14: 120-124. 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.1.120.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chang G, Pakin SK, Schweitzer ME, Saha PK, Regatte RR: Adaptations in trabecular bone microarchitecture in Olympic athletes determined by 7T MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2008, 27: 1089-1095. 10.1002/jmri.21326.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Modlesky CM, Majumdar S, Dudley GA: Trabecular bone microarchitecture in female collegiate gymnasts. Osteoporos Int. 2008, 19: 1011-1018. 10.1007/s00198-007-0522-x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lanyon LE: Functional strain in bone tissue as an objective, and controlling stimulus for adaptive bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1987, 20: 1083-1093. 10.1016/0021-9290(87)90026-1.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McLeod KJ, Rubin CT: The effect of low-frequency electrical fields on osteogenesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992, 74: 920-929.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rubin CT, McLeod KJ: Promotion of bony ingrowth by frequency-specific, low-amplitude mechanical strain. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994, 298: 165-174.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Turner CH, Forwood MR, Rho JY, Yoshikawa T: Mechanical loading thresholds for lamellar and woven bone formation. J Bone Miner Res. 1994, 9: 87-97. 10.1002/jbmr.5650090113.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bailey CA, Brooke-Wavell K: Optimum Frequency of Exercise for Bone Health: Randomised Controlled Trial of a High-Impact Unilateral Intervention. Bone. 2010, 46: 1043-1049. 10.1016/j.bone.2009.12.001.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vainionpaa A, Korpelainen R, Vihriala E, Rinta-Paavola A, Leppaluoto J, Jamsa T: Intensity of exercise is associated with bone density change in premenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2006, 17: 455-463. 10.1007/s00198-005-0005-x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nikander R, Kannus P, Dastidar P, Hannula M, Harrison L, Cervinka T, Narra NG, Aktour R, Arola T, Eskola H, Soimakallio S, Heinonen A, Hyttinen J, Sievänen H: Targeted exercises against hip fragility. Osteoporos Int. 2009, 20: 1321-1328. 10.1007/s00198-008-0785-x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carpenter RD, Beaupre GS, Lang TF, Orwoll ES, Carter DR: New QCT analysis approach shows the importance of fall orientation on femoral neck strength. J Bone Miner Res. 2005, 20: 1533-1542. 10.1359/JBMR.050510.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lotz JC, Cheal EJ, Hayes WC: Stress distributions within the proximal femur during gait and falls: implications for osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int. 1995, 5: 252-261. 10.1007/BF01774015.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Verhulp E, van Rietbergen B, Huiskes R: Load distribution in the healthy and osteoporotic human proximal femur during a fall to the side. Bone. 2008, 42: 30-35. 10.1016/j.bone.2007.08.039.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Feskanich D, Willett W, Colditz G: Walking and leisure-time activity and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2002, 288: 2300-2306. 10.1001/jama.288.18.2300.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Michaelsson K, Olofsson H, Jensevik K, Larsson S, Mallmin H, Berglund L, Vessby B, Melhus H: Leisure physical activity and the risk of fracture in men. PLoS Med. 2007, 4: e199-10.1371/journal.pmed.0040199.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar