Merrill JO, Von Korff M, Banta-Green CJ, Sullivan MD, Saunders KW, Campbell CI, et al. Prescribed opioid difficulties, depression and opioid dose among chronic opioid therapy patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2012;34:581–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.06.018.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Morasco BJ, Yarborough BJ, Smith NX, Dobscha SK, Deyo RA, Perrin NA, et al. Higher prescription opioid dose is associated with worse patient-reported pain outcomes and more health care utilization. J Pain. 2017;18:437–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2016.12.004.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Dhalla IA, Paterson JM, Juurlink DN. Opioid dose and drug-related mortality in patients with nonmalignant pain. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171:686–91. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.117.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chang HY, Kharrazi H, Bodycombe D, Weiner JP, Alexander GC. Healthcare costs and utilization associated with high-risk prescription opioid use: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Med. 2018;16(1):69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1058-y.
Curtis HJ, Croker R, Walker AJ, Richards GC, Quinlan J, Goldacre B. Opioid prescribing trends and geographical variation in England, 1998-2018: a retrospective database study. Lancet Psychi. 2019;6:140–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30471-1.
Article
Google Scholar
Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Paterson JM, Dhalla IA, Juurlink DN. Trends in high-dose opioid prescribing in Canada. Can Fam Physician. 2014;60:826–32 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25217680.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lalic S, Gisev N, Bell JS, Ilomäki J. Transition to high-dose or strong opioids: a population-based study of people initiating opioids in Australia. Addiction. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14926.
Els C, Jackson TD, Hagtvedt R, Kunyk D, Sonnenberg B, Lappi VG, et al. High-dose opioids for chronic non-cancer pain: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;10:CD012299. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012299.pub2.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain—United States, 2016. JAMA. 2016;315:1624–45. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.1464.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
FPM. Opioids aware: a resource for patients and healthcare professionals to support prescribing of opioid medicines for pain. 2018. https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/faculty-of-pain-medicine/opioids-aware LB - CYEsL.
Google Scholar
Busse J, Guyatt G, Carrasco A. The 2017 Canadian guideline for opioids for chronic non-cancer pain. 2017. http://cpspei.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Guideline-for-Opioids-for-Chronic-Non-Cancer-Pain-McMaster-May-2017-Approved-by-Council-June-19-2017.pdf LB - XXNMx.
Google Scholar
Rubin R. Limits on opioid prescribing leave patients with chronic pain vulnerable. JAMA. 2019;321:2059–62.
Article
Google Scholar
Martin J, Cunliffe J, Décary-Hétu D, Aldridge J. Effect of restricting the legal supply of prescription opioids on buying through online illicit marketplaces: interrupted time series analysis. BMJ. 2018;361. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2270.
Lagisetty PA, Healy N, Garpestad C, Jannausch M, Tipirneni R, Bohnert ASB. Access to primary care clinics for patients with chronic pain receiving opioids. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2:e196928. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6928.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Breivik H, Collett B, Ventafridda V, Cohen R, Gallacher D. Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. Eur J Pain. 2006;10:287–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.06.009.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Upshur CC, Luckmann RS, Savageau JA. Primary care provider concerns about management of chronic pain in community clinic populations. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21:652–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00412.x.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Johnson M, Collett B, Castro-Lopes JM. The challenges of pain management in primary care: a pan-European survey. J Pain Res. 2013;6:393–401.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Eccleston C, Fisher E, Thomas KH, Hearn L, Derry S, Stannard C, et al. Interventions for the reduction of prescribed opioid use in chronic non-cancer pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;82:448. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010323.pub3.
Article
Google Scholar
Higgins JPTGS. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0. The Cochrane collaboration LB - JOCqf; 2011.
Google Scholar
Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA. 2000;283:2008–12 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10789670.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
NHS England. Primary care services. 2019. https://www.england.nhs.uk/participation/get-involved/how/primarycare/. Accessed 17 June 2019.
Group WB. Country and lending groups. 2017. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups LB - 6pxb6.
Google Scholar
Nuckols TK, Anderson L, Popescu I, Diamant AL, Doyle B, Di Capua P, et al. Opioid prescribing: a systematic review and critical appraisal of guidelines for chronic pain. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:38–47. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-160-1-201401070-00732.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nielsen S, Gisev N, Bruno R, Hall W, Cohen M, Larance B, et al. Defined daily doses (DDD) do not accurately reflect opioid doses used in contemporary chronic pain treatment. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2017;26:587–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.4168.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
NIH National Heart and Blood Institute L. Quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies. 2018. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools LB - OcgUV.
Google Scholar
Hadland SE, Rivera-Aguirre A, Marshall BDL, Cerdá M. Association of pharmaceutical industry marketing of opioid products with mortality from opioid-related overdoses. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2:e186007.
Article
Google Scholar
Wan X, Wang W, Liu J, Tong T. Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:135. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-135.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0 (Table 7.7.a: formulae for combining groups). 2011. https://handbook-5-1.cochrane.org/chapter_7/table_7_7_a_formulae_for_combining_groups.htm LB - 5yx3V.
Google Scholar
Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0 (Section 9.5.2: identifying and measuring heterogeneity). 2011. https://handbook-5-1.cochrane.org/chapter_9/9_5_2_identifying_and_measuring_heterogeneity.htm LB - 2Eqzt.
Google Scholar
Chang HY, Murimi IB, Jones CM, Alexander GC. Relationship between high-risk patients receiving prescription opioids and high-volume opioid prescribers. Addiction. 2018;113:677–86.
Article
Google Scholar
Chapman CR, Bradshaw DH. Only modest long-term opioid dose escalation occurs over time in chronic nonmalignant pain management. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2013;27:370–7. https://doi.org/10.3109/15360288.2013.846957.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kobus AM, Smith DH, Morasco BJ, Johnson ES, Yang X, Petrik AF, et al. Correlates of higher-dose opioid medication use for low back pain in primary care. J Pain. 2012;13:1131–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2012.09.003.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Morasco BJ, Dobscha SK, Hyde S, Mitchell SH. Exploratory study examining associations between prescription opioid dose and delay discounting in patients with chronic pain. J Opioid Manag. 2019;15:19–25. https://doi.org/10.5055/jom.2019.0482.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Campbell G, Nielsen S, Larance B, Bruno R, Mattick R, Hall W, et al. Pharmaceutical opioid use and dependence among people living with chronic pain: associations observed within the pain and opioids in treatment (POINT) cohort. Pain Med. 2015;16:1745–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/pme.12773.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Coyle DT, Pratt C-Y, Ocran-Appiah J, Secora A, Kornegay C, Staffa J. Opioid analgesic dose and the risk of misuse, overdose, and death: a narrative review. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2018;27:464–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.4366.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Quinlan J, Rann S, Bastable R, Levy N. Perioperative opioid use and misuse. Clin Med. 2019;19:441–5.
Article
Google Scholar
Sullivan MD. Who gets high-dose opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer pain? Pain. 2010;151:567–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.08.036.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stannard CF. Pain and pain prescribing: what is in a number? Br J Anaesth. 2018;120:1147–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2018.03.002.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cottraux J. Nonpharmacological treatments for anxiety disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2002;4:305–19.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Liebschutz JM, Xuan Z, Shanahan CW, La Rochelle M, Keosaian J, Beers D, et al. Improving adherence to long-term opioid therapy guidelines to reduce opioid misuse in primary care: a cluster-randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177:1265–72.
Article
Google Scholar
Anderson D, Zlateva I, Khatri K, Ciaburri N. Using health information technology to improve adherence to opioid prescribing guidelines in primary care. Clin J Pain. 2015;31:573–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000000177.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Meisenberg BR, Grover J, Campbell C, Korpon D. Assessment of opioid prescribing practices before and after implementation of a health system intervention to reduce opioid overprescribing. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1:e182908.
Article
Google Scholar
Sun EC, Dixit A, Humphreys K, Darnall BD, Baker LC, Mackey S. Association between concurrent use of prescription opioids and benzodiazepines and overdose: retrospective analysis. BMJ. 2017;356:j760. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j760.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dasgupta N, Funk MJ, Proescholdbell S, Hirsch A, Ribisl KM, Marshall S. Cohort study of the impact of high-dose opioid analgesics on overdose mortality. Pain Med. 2016;17:85–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/pme.12907.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Soyka M. Treatment of benzodiazepine dependence. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:1147–57. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1611832.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ponton R, Sawyer R. Opioid prescribing in general practice: use of a two-stage review tool to identify and assess high-dose prescribing. Br J Pain. 2018;12:171–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/2049463717742420.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bastable R, Rann S. Opioids aware: a general practice audit of high-dose opioid prescribing NHS England Midlands and East. BJGP Open. 2019;3(2):bjgpopen18X101642. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgpopen18X101642.
Mofizul Islam M, Wollersheim D. A comparison of opioids and benzodiazepines dispensing in Australia. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0221438. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221438.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Scherrer JF, Salas J, Copeland LA, Stock EM, Ahmedani BK, Sullivan MD, et al. Prescription opioid duration, dose, and increased risk of depression in 3 large patient populations. Ann Fam Med. 2016;14:54–62.
Article
Google Scholar
Mazereeuw G, Sullivan MD, Juurlink DN. Depression in chronic pain: might opioids be responsible? Pain. 2018;159:2142–5.
Article
Google Scholar
Leslie DL, Ba DM, Agbese E, Xing X, Liu G. The economic burden of the opioid epidemic on states: the case of Medicaid. Am J Manag Care. 2019;25(13 Suppl):S243–9.
PubMed
Google Scholar
McGinty EE, Stuart EA, Caleb Alexander G, Barry CL, Bicket MC, Rutkow L. Protocol: mixed-methods study to evaluate implementation, enforcement, and outcomes of U.S. state laws intended to curb high-risk opioid prescribing. Implement Sci. 2018;13:37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-018-0719-8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Scott LJ, Kesten JM, Bache K, Hickman M, Campbell R, Pickering AE, et al. Evaluation of a primary care-based opioid and pain review service: a mixed-methods evaluation in two GP practices in England. Br J Gen Pract. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp19X707237.
Article
Google Scholar
Berterame S, Erthal J, Thomas J, Fellner S, Vosse B, Clare P, et al. Use of and barriers to access to opioid analgesics: a worldwide, regional, and national study. Lancet. 2016;387(10028):1644–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00161-6.
Article
Google Scholar